Plasticity and Water Absorption of Clays

Oakley, Henry Bowen

doi:10.1038/123714a0

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…This was probably due to the lower fraction of clay which resulted in lower water content and therefore a minor shrinkage during evaporation. Indeed, the water absorption capacity of the polyamide (Paolucci et al , 2019) is far lower than that of the clay (Oakley, 1929; White and Pichler, 1959).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D printing of clay paste enhanced by scrap polymer from powder bed processes

Mele

Ricciarelli

Campana

2021

RPJ

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Purpose Powder bed additive manufacturing processes are widespread due to their many technical and economic advantages. Nevertheless, the disposal of leftover powder poses a problem in terms of process sustainability. The purpose of this paper is to provide an alternative solution to recycle waste PA12 powder from HP multi jet fusion. In particular, the opportunity to use this material as a dispersion in three-dimensional (3D) printed clay is investigated. Design/methodology/approach A commercial fused deposition modelling printer was re-adapted to extrude a viscous paste composed of clay, PA12 and water. Once printed, parts were dried and then put in an oven to melt the polymer fraction. Four compositions with different PA12 concentration were studied. First, the extrudability of the paste was observed by testing different extrusion lengths. Then, the surface porosities were evaluated through microscopical observations of the manufactured parts. Finally, benchmarks with different geometries were digitalised via 3D scanning to analyse the dimensional alterations arising at each stage of the process. Findings Overall, the feasibility of the process is demonstrated. Extrusion tests revealed that the composition of the paste has a minor influence on the volumetric flow rate, exhibiting a better consistency in the case of long extrusions. The percentage of surface cavities was proportional to the polymer fraction contained in the mix. From dimensional analyses, it was possible to conclude that PA12 reduced the degree of shrinkage during the drying phase, while it increased dimensional alterations occurring in the melting phase. The results showed that the dimensional error measured on the z-axis was always higher than that of the XY plane. Practical implications The method proposed in this paper provides an alternative approach to reuse leftover powders from powder bed fusion processes via another additive manufacturing process. This offers an affordable and open-source solution to companies dealing with polymer powder bed fusion, allowing them to reduce their environmental impacts while expanding their production. Originality/value The paper presents an innovative additive manufacturing solution for powder reuse. Unlike the recycling methods in the body of literature, this solution does not require any intermediate transformation process, such as filament fabrication. Also, the cold material deposition enables the adoption of very inexpensive extrusion equipment. This preliminary study demonstrates the feasibility and the benefits of this process, paving the way for numerous future studies.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D printing of clay paste enhanced by scrap polymer from powder bed processes

Mele

Ricciarelli

Campana

2021

RPJ

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“…Sodium carbonate definitely reduces the percentage of water at the sticky point except in the highly colloidal soil B.T., the value for which is not affected by either sodium chloride or sodium carbonate in the concentrations used. The results are of interest when considered in conjunction with the experiments of van Wyk(i4) and of Oakley (13). These workers found that the higher the concentration of the salt used the lower is the figure obtained for water absorbed.…”

Section: Effect Of Electrolytes In Soilmentioning

confidence: 79%

The Sticky Point Water of Soils. Part II

Marchand¹

1931

J. Agric. Sci.

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Keen and Coutts(8) and Coutts(1) have suggested that the percentage of water in a soil at the sticky point is related to the colloidal content of the soil, as measured by “loss on ignition,” in the following manner:S = mI + c,i.e. by a rectilinear equation, and point out that the figure obtained for c approximates to the theoretical percentage of water held in the interstitial spaces of an ideal soil.

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Chemie und Physik der Tone

Salmang¹

1951

Die Physikalischen Und Chemischen Grundlagen Der Keramik

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Plasticity and Water Absorption of Clays

Cited by 7 publications

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3D printing of clay paste enhanced by scrap polymer from powder bed processes

3D printing of clay paste enhanced by scrap polymer from powder bed processes

The Sticky Point Water of Soils. Part II

Chemie und Physik der Tone

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