“…based on the positive correlation between the thickness of the Γ phase and the extent of the powdering. [15][16][17] However, Munekane et al 18) reported that both the Γand δ 1 -phase compounds exhibit plastic flow under uniaxial compression of GA steels, while Inoue et al 19,20) have recently reported that the Γand δ 1 (δ 1k )-phase compounds exhibit similarly low values of fracture toughness from the measurement on a single-phase polycrystalline layer of the Γ or δ 1k phase formed on a steel sheet. In addition, Ploypech et al 21) have reported that cracks nucleated in the δ 1 -phase layer propagate so as to penetrate to the surface, inferring the low fracture toughness of the δ 1 phase.…”