“…Due to exposing directly to the working environment, the metal surfaces are prone to wear, corrosion and contact fatigue (Wang, 2020;Wu et al, 2014). Therefore, some strengthening technologies are used to increase the surface quality of components to extend their service life, such as rolling extrusion, shot peening and so on (Chen et al, 2023;Sunil et al, 2023;Yang and Hu, 2023). Laser peening (LP) is an innovative surface modification technology that uses an intense laser to impose a high-pressure shock wave on the material surface and induce residual compressive stresses into the surface layer, which is beneficial to improve the resistance of wear and corrosion (Fan et al, 2019;Pan and Kong, 2023).…”