“…When changes in environmental conditions occur, species can shift their distributional range (i.e., Parmesan & Yohe, 2003; Perry, Low, Ellis, & Reynolds, 2005) in order to migrate in more suitable habitats. Alternatively, organisms can compensate environmental fluctuations with phenotypic plasticity (Franks, Sim, & Weis, 2007; Franks, Weber, & Aitken, 2014; Ghalambor, McKay, Carroll, & Reznick, 2007; Gienapp, Teplitsky, Alho, Mills, & Merilä, 2008; Merilä & Hendry, 2014), which can be highlighted at different hierarchy levels of the biological organization, through adjustments of gene expression (i.e., Granados‐Cifuentes, Bellantuono, Ridgway, Hoegh‐Guldberg, & Rodriguez‐Lanetty, 2013; Jeukens, Bittner, Knudsen, & Bernatchez, 2009; Larsen, Nielsen, Williams, & Loeschcke, 2008; Larsen et al., 2007; Pavey, Collin, Nosil, & Rogers, 2010; Swindell, Huebner, & Weber, 2007), developmental features (i.e., Sultan, 2000; West‐Eberhard, 2005), and life‐history traits (Dowdall et al., 2012). Moreover, species can also evolve genetic differentiation among populations (i.e., local adaptation; Kawecki & Ebert, 2004) due to ecological selection (Keller & Seehausen, 2012; Schluter, 2009) and intraspecific competition (García‐Ramos & Huang, 2013).…”