Plasmonic Surface Lattice Resonances: A Review of Properties and Applications

Abstract

When metal nanoparticles are arranged in an ordered array, they may scatter light to produce diffracted waves. If one of the diffracted waves then propagates in the plane of the array, it may couple the localized plasmon resonances associated with individual nanoparticles together, leading to an exciting phenomenon, the drastic narrowing of plasmon resonances, down to 1–2 nm in spectral width. This presents a dramatic improvement compared to a typical single particle resonance line width of >80 nm. The very high quality factors of these diffractively coupled plasmon resonances, often referred to as plasmonic surface lattice resonances, and related effects have made this topic a very active and exciting field for fundamental research, and increasingly, these resonances have been investigated for their potential in the development of practical devices for communications, optoelectronics, photovoltaics, data storage, biosensing, and other applications. In the present review article, we describe the basic physical principles and properties of plasmonic surface lattice resonances: the width and quality of the resonances, singularities of the light phase, electric field enhancement, etc. We pay special attention to the conditions of their excitation in different experimental architectures by considering the following: in-plane and out-of-plane polarizations of the incident light, symmetric and asymmetric optical (refractive index) environments, the presence of substrate conductivity, and the presence of an active or magnetic medium. Finally, we review recent progress in applications of plasmonic surface lattice resonances in various fields.

Mechanotunable Plasmonic Properties of Colloidal Assemblies

“…In this context, surface lattice resonances (SLRs) offer a possible solution. A plasmonic SLR occurs when the plasmonic nanoparticles' LSPRs couple to the diffractive Bragg modes . In consequence of this effect, excessive electrical fields arise on the surface, which are very sensitive toward changes of the lattice spacing and the dielectric surrounding .…”

“…Such narrow linewidths were shown recently for lattices with gold and silver nanoparticles. In the study of the Tamulevicˇius group, hexagonal lattices with self‐assembled silver cuboctahedra were presented with quality factors (resonance wavelength divided by linewidth) of up to 80, as compared to typical LSPR values of about 10 . The FDTD method is especially useful to calculate the response of plasmonic particles, as there is a wide range of geometries accessible through wet‐chemical synthesis.…”

Lithium Niobate Metasurfaces

“…However, when the LN ridges are arranged in an ordered array (indicated in Figure b inset), the electromagnetic fields of any single ridge may influence the response of neighboring ones. In this way, the individual ridges are coupled together forming collective lattice mode, which facilitates the narrowing and enhancement of the p and m resonances similar to that reported in the plasmonic arrays . As an example, the results of the periodic array with nm are shown in Figure b.…”

“…In this way, the individual ridges are coupled together forming collective lattice mode, which facilitates the narrowing and enhancement of the p and m resonances similar to that reported in the plasmonic arrays. [55] As an example, the results of the periodic array with D = 500 nm are shown in Figure 2b. For x-polarized incidence, both p and m are enhanced dramatically compared to the isolated single ridge response.…”

Lattice Zenneck Modes on Subwavelength Antennas

“…As has been shown recently, electric and magnetic resonances in the structures may result in directional scattering, the Kerker effect, strong nonradiative excitations (anapoles), and others. Periodic particle arrays support lattice resonances in the proximity to the wavelength where new diffraction orders appear (so‐called Rayleigh anomaly) . Lattice periods in the direction of particle emission mainly define effective electric and magnetic multipole moments taking into account the contributions from the lattice.…”