Plasmonic–perovskite solar cells, light emitters, and sensors

Abstract

The field of plasmonics explores the interaction between light and metallic micro/nanostructures and films. The collective oscillation of free electrons on metallic surfaces enables subwavelength optical confinement and enhanced light–matter interactions. In optoelectronics, perovskite materials are particularly attractive due to their excellent absorption, emission, and carrier transport properties, which lead to the improved performance of solar cells, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), lasers, photodetectors, and sensors. When perovskite materials are coupled with plasmonic structures, the device performance significantly improves owing to strong near-field and far-field optical enhancements, as well as the plasmoelectric effect. Here, we review recent theoretical and experimental works on plasmonic perovskite solar cells, light emitters, and sensors. The underlying physical mechanisms, design routes, device performances, and optimization strategies are summarized. This review also lays out challenges and future directions for the plasmonic perovskite research field toward next-generation optoelectronic technologies.

Confined Assembly of Colloidal Nanorod Superstructures by Locally Controlling Free‐Volume Entropy in Nonequilibrium Fluids

“…To verify the 2D close packing behavior of nanorods in large-scale microwire arrays, grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) tests were executed in the y-z-plane. The diffraction spots (01), (10), and ( 11) in the GISAXS pattern corresponding with the SAED data demonstrate the cell parameters calculated as 6.7 nm (Figure 1e), which indicates that nanorods in the microwires are assembled in a close packing along the x-axis direction. To investigate the arrangement structure of nanorods in the x-z-plane, we also performed the x-zplane GISAXS characterization of microwire arrays.…”

“…Nanoparticles possess unique surface functional activity, the quantum size effect, and quantum tunneling effect, [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] thus attracting much attention in the fields of magnetic storage, solar cells, display, and efficient catalysis. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Compared with disordered thin films, long-range-ordered nanoparticle structures have introduced exotic properties, such as delocalization and band-like transport of electrons, coupled plasmonic resonance, collective excitonic emissions, yielding device implementations toward high-mobility field-effect transistors, near-field nanoimaging, coherent quantum sources. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] Colloid nanoparticles afford a promising platform for studying the longrange-ordered assembly of nanoparticles in a system far from thermodynamic equilibrium, [27][28][29][30][31] in which the interplay between thermodynamic factors, such as molecular and electrostatic forces, and kinetic ingredients of diffusion and convective fluids, induces adaptive self-assembly in the presence of strong fluctuations.…”

Optoelectronic Enhancement of Perovskite Solar Cells through the Incorporation of Plasmonic Particles

“…Various alternative strategies have also been attempted to maximize the light-harvesting capability of PSCs, such as optimization and modification of the ETL [ 38 , 39 , 40 ]. One valid approach is the incorporation of plasmonic metals (PMs) into the ETL, which promotes light concentration and leads to better light scattering and electron–hole disassociation [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]. PMs such as gold (Au), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu) give rise to vivid colors due to their localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) [ 42 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 ].…”

“…One valid approach is the incorporation of plasmonic metals (PMs) into the ETL, which promotes light concentration and leads to better light scattering and electron–hole disassociation [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]. PMs such as gold (Au), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu) give rise to vivid colors due to their localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) [ 42 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 ]. The LSPR lends merit to the solar cells via light scattering and the absorbing layers [ 42 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 ].…”

“…PMs such as gold (Au), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu) give rise to vivid colors due to their localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) [ 42 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 ]. The LSPR lends merit to the solar cells via light scattering and the absorbing layers [ 42 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 ]. The resulting substantial increase in light scattering can be attributed to the non-radiative decay of the PMs transferred from the light absorption layer to the main hot electron–hole pairs, which are then immediately promoted to the secondary electron–hole pair [ 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 ].…”