Plasmonic analogue of electromagnetically induced transparency at the Drude damping limit

Liu, Na; Langguth, Lutz; Weiß, Thomas; Kästel, Jürgen; Fleischhauer, Michael; Pfau, Tilman; Gießen, Harald

doi:10.1038/nmat2495

Cited by 1,701 publications

(1,328 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…We see that γ 2 = 0 (and so κ 2 = d 2 = 0). So, in this basis, resonance A 1 radiates, but resonance A 2 does not; this is exactly the subradiant-superradiant model 17,19,21,47,48 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Theoretical Criteria for Scattering Dark States in Nanostructured Particles

et al. 2014

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Nanostructures with multiple resonances can exhibit a suppressed or even completely eliminated scattering of light, called a scattering dark state. We describe this phenomenon with a general treatment of light scattering from a multi-resonant nanostructure that is spherical or non-spherical but subwavelength in size. With multiple resonances in the same channel (i.e. same angular momentum and polarization), coherent interference always leads to scattering dark states in the low-absorption limit, regardless of the system details. The coupling between resonances is inevitable and can be interpreted as arising from far-field or near-field. This is a realization of coupled- and interference effects. 5-9 A particularly interesting phenomenon is the suppressed scattering in nanostructures with multiple plasmonic resonances, [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] plasmonic and excitonic resonances, [24][25][26][27][28][29][30] or dielectric resonances, 31,32 referred to collectively as a "scattering dark state." A wealth of models has been employed to describe this suppressed scattering, ranging from perturbative models, 12 generalization of the Fano formula, 13-15 and electrostatic approximation, 22,23 to coupled-mechanical-oscillator models. 17-21 These models reveal valuable insights and facilitate the design of specific structures with desired line shapes. However, the general criteria for observing such scattering dark states remain unclear. Non-scattering states have been known in atomic physics since the early works of Fano 33 and have been discovered in a variety of nanoscale systems in recent years [5][6][7][8]34,35 . However, Fano resonances generally concern the interference between a narrow discrete resonance and a broad resonance or continuum. Meanwhile, many occurrences of the scattering dark state involve the interference between multiple narrow discrete resonances, and it seems necessary to treat the multiple resonances at equal footing. Thus, we seek a formalism analogous to the phenomenon of coupled-resonator-induced transparency 5 that has been established in certain other systems such as coupled mechanical oscillators 36,37 , coupled cavities 38,39 , coupled microring resonators [40][41][42][43][44] , and planar metamaterials [45][46][47][48] .Here, we derive the general equations governing the resonant light scattering from a spherical or a non-spherical but subwavelength obstacle, accounting for multiple resonances with low loss. Due to the spherical symmetry (or the small size) of the obstacle, different channels of the multipole fields are decoupled. We find that within each channel, n resonances always lead to n − 1 scattering dark states in the low-absorption limit. This universal result is independent of the radiative decay rates of the resonances, method of coupling (can be 3 near-field or far-field), nature of the resonances (can be plasmon, exciton, whispering-gallery, etc.), number of resonances, which of the multipole, TE or TM polarization, and other system det...

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“…We see that γ 2 = 0 (and so κ 2 = d 2 = 0). So, in this basis, resonance A 1 radiates, but resonance A 2 does not; this is exactly the subradiant-superradiant model 17,19,21,47,48 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Theoretical Criteria for Scattering Dark States in Nanostructured Particles

et al. 2014

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“…8(d)), and confirmed experimentally in a slightly different configuration based on a stacked metamaterial. 76 These results promise a variety of potential applications. First, low-loss optical metamaterials could be realized, benefitting from the significantly suppressed radiative losses.…”

Section: Interaction Of Meta-atomsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…[72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80] EIT was first discovered in atomic systems. In a three-level atomic EIT system, 71 the coupling between the excited energy level |2i with a dipole-allowed transition to the ground state |1i and a metastable level |3i by a control beam leads to a destructive interference ( Fig.…”

Section: Interaction Of Meta-atomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metamaterials: a new frontier of science and technology

Liu¹,

2011

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Metamaterials, artificial composite structures with exotic material properties, have emerged as a new frontier of science involving physics, material science, engineering and chemistry. This critical review focuses on the fundamentals, recent progresses and future directions in the research of electromagnetic metamaterials. An introduction to metamaterials followed by a detailed elaboration on how to design unprecedented electromagnetic properties of metamaterials is presented. A number of intriguing phenomena and applications associated with metamaterials are discussed, including negative refraction, sub-diffraction-limited imaging, strong optical activities in chiral metamaterials, interaction of meta-atoms and transformation optics. Finally, we offer an outlook on future directions of metamaterials research including but not limited to three-dimensional optical metamaterials, nonlinear metamaterials and ''quantum'' perspectives of metamaterials (142 references).

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“…Characterization and well-defined excitation of such eigenmodes is important in order to achieve welldefined functionality in devices [2,3] and to successfully apply techniques of coherent control [4][5][6][7]. Nanoantennas consisting of two strongly coupled particles can serve as a model system to study the impact of mode selectivity [6,8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mode Imaging and Selection in Strongly Coupled Nanoantennas

et al. 2010

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The number of eigenmodes in plasmonic nanostructures increases with complexity due to mode hybridization, raising the need for efficient mode characterization and selection. Here we experimentally demonstrate direct imaging and selective excitation of the "bonding" and "antibonding" plasmon mode in symmetric dipole nanoantennas using confocal two-photon photoluminescence mapping. Excitation of a high-qualityfactor antibonding resonance manifests itself as a two-lobed pattern instead of the single spot observed for the broad "bonding" resonance, in accordance with numerical simulations. The two-lobed pattern is observed due to the fact that excitation of the antibonding mode is forbidden for symmetric excitation at the feedgap, while concomitantly the mode energy splitting is large enough to suppress excitation of the "bonding" mode. The controlled excitation of modes in strongly coupled plasmonic nanostructures is mandatory for efficient sensors, in coherent control as well as for implementing well-defined functionalities in complex plasmonic devices. IntroductionPlasmonic nanostructures consisting of particular arrangements of closely spaced resonant particles are of great interest since they offer a variety of eigenmodes that evolve due to mode hybridization [1]. Characterization and well-defined excitation of such eigenmodes is important in order to achieve welldefined functionality in devices [2,3] and to successfully apply techniques of coherent control [4][5][6][7]. Nanoantennas consisting of two strongly coupled particles can serve as a model system to study the impact of mode selectivity [6,8,9]. Upon illumination nanoantennas confine and enhance optical fields [10,11] and can therefore be used to tailor the interaction of light with nanomatter [12]. Various applications of nanoantennas have been proposed and experimentally demonstrated, including enhanced single-emitter fluorescence [13][14][15], enhanced Raman scattering [16,17], near-field polarization engineering [18][19][20], high-harmonic generation [21,22], as well as applications in integrated optical nanocircuitry [23,24]. The longitudinal resonances of a symmetric dipole antenna can be understood in terms of hybridization of the longitudinal resonances of individual antenna arms, caused by the coupling over the narrow feedgap [25,26]. Such coupling causes a mode splitting into a lower-energy "bonding" mode and a higher-energy "antibonding" mode, respectively (Fig. 1). Limited by the uncertainty of conventional nanofabrication, it is often difficult to fabricate antenna arrays with a reproducible gap size below 20 nm, which is necessary to achieve significant energy splitting between the bonding and the antibonding mode. As a result, the existence of the antibonding antenna resonance has hardly been considered, although it may offer interesting opportunities, such as impedance tunability, a high quality factor due to its weakly radiative nature, the launching of propagating plasmon modes with increased propagation lengths [27] and spatial select...

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Plasmonic analogue of electromagnetically induced transparency at the Drude damping limit

Cited by 1,701 publications

References 27 publications

Theoretical Criteria for Scattering Dark States in Nanostructured Particles

Theoretical Criteria for Scattering Dark States in Nanostructured Particles

Metamaterials: a new frontier of science and technology

Mode Imaging and Selection in Strongly Coupled Nanoantennas

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