Plasmon Control Driven by Spatial Carrier Density Modulation in Graphene

Takamura, Makoto; Kumada, N.; Wang, Shengnan; Kumakura, Kazuhide; Taniyasu, Yoshitaka

doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.8b01623

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(66 reference statements)

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“…inhomogeneous chemical doping [17][18][19] has been observed, these boundaries are unerasable and thus the plasmon reflection cannot be turned off.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Active spatial control of terahertz plasmons in graphene

Yoshioka

Sasaki

et al. 2020

Commun Mater

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Graphene offers a possibility for actively controlling plasmon confinement and propagation by tailoring its spatial conductivity pattern. However, implementation of this concept has been hampered because uncontrollable plasmon reflection is easily induced by inhomogeneous dielectric environment. In this work, we demonstrate full electrical control of plasmon reflection/transmission at electronic boundaries induced by a zinc-oxide-based dual gate, which is designed to minimize the dielectric modulation. Using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, we show that the plasmon reflection can be varied continuously with the carrier density difference between the adjacent regions. By utilizing this functionality, we show the ability to control size, position, and frequency of plasmon cavities. Our approach can be applied to various types of plasmonic devices, paving the way for implementing a programmable plasmonic circuit.Controlling spatial patterns of plasmons constitutes a basis for a variety of applications in the fields of plasmonics, metamaterials, and transformation optics 1-3 . Of particular interest is the active control of plasmon confinement and propagation because it will enable us to develop programmable plasmonic circuits. A promising strategy achieving it is to tailor the spatial conductivity pattern in graphene. It has been proposed that plasmonic components such as waveguides, splitters, and switches can be developed in a continuous graphene sheet 4-6 . Using these components, a programmable plasmonic circuit can be configured. Experimentally, however, a platform for implementing this concept has not been developed-most of the intensive works on graphene plasmonics has focused on frequency tuning in a cavity structure with the boundary physically defined by etching 7-10 , placing metals 11 , or patterning the substrate 12 . While plasmon reflection by an electronic boundary formed at a grain boundary 13,14 , moiré-patterned graphene interface 15 , and monolayer/bilayer interface 16 , or one defined by 21. Rosolen, G. and Maes, B. Nonuniform doping of graphene for plasmon tapers, J. Opt. 17, 015002 (2015).

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“…inhomogeneous chemical doping [17][18][19] has been observed, these boundaries are unerasable and thus the plasmon reflection cannot be turned off.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Active spatial control of terahertz plasmons in graphene

Yoshioka

Sasaki

et al. 2020

Commun Mater

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“…Furthermore, since the unique properties of 2D crystals stem from the periodicity of their atomic structure, free carriers and polariton species populating such materials are highly susceptible to the perturbation of the crystalline atomic structure. Therefore, properties of polaritons in 2D materials can be engineered at the quantum level via: (1) vertical stacking of vdW crystals, which leads to a hybridization of polariton species or control over the level of their anisotropy; (2) imposing a superlattice periodicity on 2D materials, which causes significant alteration on the polariton characteristics in nontrivial manner …”

Section: Polaritonic Dispersion Engineering In Van Der Waals Crystalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, properties of polaritons in 2D materials can be engineered at the quantum level via: (1) vertical stacking of vdW crystals, which leads to a hybridization of polariton species [100,124,125] or control over the level of their anisotropy; [126] (2) imposing a superlattice periodicity on 2D materials, which causes significant alteration on the polariton characteristics in nontrivial manner. [17,[127][128][129][130][131]…”

Section: Polaritonic Dispersion Engineering In Van Der Waals Crystalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Mid‐Infrared Polaritonics in van der Waals Crystals

Kim

Menabde

Brar

et al. 2019

Advanced Optical Materials

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Despite high scientific and technological potential, nanophotonics research in the mid‐infrared regime remains relatively less explored compared to other frequency bands, largely because the mid‐infrared requires a totally different set of optical materials. Polaritons in layered 2D materials, or van der Waals (vdW) crystals, provide a new set of building blocks for mid‐infrared nanophotonics. Herein, the recently reported polaritonic properties of various vdW crystals are summarized in the context of their mid‐infrared applications. Both polaritons in vdW crystals with naturally anisotropic atomic structures as well as tunable plasmon polaritons in vdW semimetals are discussed. The extreme field confinement of 2D polaritons (confinement factors ≈100) enhances both their radiative heat transfer as well as the optical coupling to the vibrational modes of molecules, allowing for highly sensitive chemical detection. Their tunable properties, meanwhile, enable dynamic modulation of mid‐infrared light to realize dynamic phase shifters, mid‐infrared modulators, and spectrally tunable thermal emitters. By vertically stacking vdW crystals, it is possible to create a large variety of new effective materials with substantially different polaritonic properties compared to their building blocks.

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“…By injecting and depleting a carbon nanotube, plasmon reflections by the 1D potential are switched on and off continually (see Figure a). Another example is the local doping of graphene with additional electrons provided by an atomically thin molecular layer underneath and by the self‐assembly of molecules on graphene (see Figure b) . In this way, gate‐tunable quantum potentials are established that can enable tunable reflections of plasmons.…”

Section: Reflection Behaviors Of Polaritons In Low‐dimensional Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another example is the local doping of graphene with additional electrons provided by an atomically thin molecular layer underneath and by the selfassembly of molecules on graphene (see Figure 8b). [46,47] In this way, gate-tunable quantum potentials are established that can enable tunable reflections of plasmons.…”

Section: Reflection Of Polaritons At Other Local Conductivity/topogramentioning

confidence: 99%

Scaling and Reflection Behaviors of Polaritons in Low‐Dimensional Materials

Shen

Luo

Lyu

et al. 2019

Advanced Optical Materials

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Polaritons in low‐dimensional materials have shown their unique capabilities to concentrate light at the deep subwavelength scale. They behave quite differently from those in conventional metals. On the one hand, the strongly confined polaritons exhibit a large tunability in wavelength following different scaling behaviors in different systems. On the other hand, they show novel reflection behaviors when they encounter topographic boundaries or electronic discontinuities. Here, recent progress on the scaling and reflection behaviors of strongly confined polaritons in three representative low‐dimensional material systems is reviewed. It is shown that the polariton wavelength changes sensitively with carrier density, thickness, and the number of conducting channels for graphene, hexagonal boron nitride, and carbon nanotubes. Also, it is demonstrated how polaritons reflect in low‐dimensional materials when encountering edges, corrugations, domain walls, strain regions, etc.

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Plasmon Control Driven by Spatial Carrier Density Modulation in Graphene

Cited by 8 publications

References 38 publications

Active spatial control of terahertz plasmons in graphene

Active spatial control of terahertz plasmons in graphene

Functional Mid‐Infrared Polaritonics in van der Waals Crystals

Scaling and Reflection Behaviors of Polaritons in Low‐Dimensional Materials

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