Plasmodium vivax malaria at households: spatial clustering and risk factors in a low endemicity urban area of the northwestern Peruvian coast

Aguirre, Ángel Rosas; Ponce, Oscar J.; Carrasco-Escobar, Gabriel; Speybroeck, Niko; Contreras-Mancilla, Juan; Gamboa, Dionicia; Pozo, Edwar J.; Herrera, Sócrates; Llanos-Cuentas, Alejandro

doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0670-y

Cited by 38 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…albimanus 53. The most affected people live in peri-urban localities in close proximity to irrigated fields and irrigation canals which enable anopheline mosquitoes to propagate and survive 20,53. Although houses in those localities have complete walls (closed houses), they are mainly made of poor materials that do not exclude mosquitoes.…”

Section: Peruvian P Vivax-endemic Regionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Peru

Aguirre¹,

Gamboa²,

Manrique³

et al. 2016

Am J Trop Med Hyg

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Malaria in Peru, dominated by Plasmodium vivax, remains a public health problem. The 1990s saw newly epidemic malaria emerge, primarily in the Loreto Department in the Amazon region, including areas near to Iquitos, the capital city, but sporadic malaria transmission also occurred in the 1990s–2000s in both north-coastal Peru and the gold mining regions of southeastern Peru. Although a Global Fund-supported intervention (PAMAFRO, 2005–2010) was temporally associated with a decrease of malaria transmission, from 2012 to the present, both P. vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria cases have rapidly increased. The Peruvian Ministry of Health continues to provide artemesinin-based combination therapy for microscopy-confirmed cases of P. falciparum and chloroquine–primaquine for P. vivax. Malaria transmission continues in remote areas nonetheless, where the mobility of humans and parasites facilitates continued reintroduction outside of ongoing surveillance activities, which is critical to address for future malaria control and elimination efforts. Ongoing P. vivax research gaps in Peru include the following: identification of asymptomatic parasitemics, quantification of the contribution of patent and subpatent parasitemics to mosquito transmission, diagnosis of nonparasitemic hypnozoite carriers, and implementation of surveillance for potential emergence of chloroquine- and 8-aminoquinoline-resistant P. vivax. Clinical trials of tafenoquine in Peru have been promising, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in the region has not been observed to be a limitation to its use. Larger-scale challenges for P. vivax (and malaria in general) in Peru include logistical difficulties in accessing remote riverine populations, consequences of government policy and poverty trends, and obtaining international funding for malaria control and elimination.

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Section: Peruvian P Vivax-endemic Regionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Peru

Aguirre¹,

Gamboa²,

Manrique³

et al. 2016

Am J Trop Med Hyg

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“…Outside West Africa, other plasmodial species have also shown spatial clustering. For example, Rosas-Aguirre et al have reported that the prevalence of Plasmodium vivax infection is highly heterogeneous on the northwestern coast of Peru [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clustering of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infection and the effectiveness of targeted malaria control measures

Shaffer

Touré

Sogoba

et al. 2020

Malar J

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Background: Because clustering of Plasmodium falciparum infection had been noted previously, the clustering of infection was examined at four field sites in West Africa: Dangassa and Dioro in Mali, Gambissara in The Gambia and Madina Fall in Senegal. Methods: Clustering of infection was defined by the percent of persons with positive slides for asexual P. falciparum sleeping in a house which had been geopositioned. Data from each site were then tested for spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal clustering in relation to the prevalence of infection from smear surveys. Results: These studies suggest that clustering of P. falciparum infection also affects the effectiveness of control interventions. For example, the clustering of infection in Madina Fall disappeared in 2014-2016 after vector control eliminated the only breeding site in 2013. In contrast, the temporal clustering of infection in Dioro (rainy season of 2014, dry season of 2015) was consistent with the loss of funding for Dioro in the second quarter of 2014 and disappeared when funds again became available in late 2015. The clustering of infection in rural (western) areas of Gambissara was consistent with known rural-urban differences in the prevalence of infection and with the thatched roofs, open eaves and mud walls of houses in rural Gambissara. In contrast, the most intense transmission was in Dangassa, where the only encouraging observation was a lower prevalence of infection in the dry season. Taken together, these results suggest: (a) the transmission of infection was stopped in Madina Fall by eliminating the only known breeding site, (b) the prevalence of infection was reduced in Dioro after financial support became available again for malaria control in the second half of 2015, (c) improvements in housing should improve malaria control by reducing the number of vectors in rural communities such as western Gambissara, and (d) beginning malaria control during the dry season may reduce transmission in hyperendemic areas such as Dangassa. Conclusions: From a conceptual perspective, testing for spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal clustering based on epidemiologic data permits the generation of hypotheses for the clustering observed and the testing of candidate interventions to confirm or refute those hypotheses.

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“…Using different malaria transmission variables at the micro-epidemiological level, maps and models have been produced to guide National Control Programmes in Africa and Southeast Asia 12,[17][18][19][20][21][22] . By contrast in the Americas, where the dynamics of malaria transmission is different from Africa and Southeast Asia due to differences in vector bionomics, social conditions or parasite genetic structure among others, relatively few studies have attempted to identify transmission heterogeneity, whether using epidemiological data 23 , serological tools 24,25 or assessing the effect of ecological differences on malaria transmission 26 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Spatio-temporal dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum transmission within a spatial unit on the Colombian Pacific Coast

Knudson

González-Casabianca

Feged-Rivadeneira

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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As malaria control programmes concentrate their efforts towards malaria elimination a better understanding of malaria transmission patterns at fine spatial resolution units becomes necessary. Defining spatial units that consider transmission heterogeneity, human movement and migration will help to set up achievable malaria elimination milestones and guide the creation of efficient operational administrative control units. Using a combination of genetic and epidemiological data we defined a malaria transmission unit as the area contributing 95% of malaria cases diagnosed at the catchment facility located in the town of Guapi in the South Pacific Coast of Colombia. We provide data showing that P. falciparum malaria transmission is heterogeneous in time and space and analysed, using topological data analysis, the spatial connectivity, at the micro epidemiological level, between parasite populations circulating within the unit. To illustrate the necessity to evaluate the efficacy of malaria control measures within the transmission unit in order to increase the efficiency of the malaria control effort, we provide information on the size of the asymptomatic reservoir, the nature of parasite genotypes associated with drug resistance as well as the frequency of the Pfhrp2/3 deletion associated with false negatives when using Rapid Diagnostic tests.Sustained global malaria control and elimination initiatives, driven by local and international funding agencies, regional malaria control programmes, and the World Health Organisation (WHO), have led to a dramatic decrease in malaria mortality and case incidence in the last 15 years. Worldwide, there has been a reduction in case incidence of 18% and reduction in mortality of 48%, with significant impact in Africa 1 . Although the 2019 WHO Malaria Report suggests that progress may be slowing, malaria elimination is still an active target for many Colombia, represents relatively high gametocytemia 39,40 . More than 96% of malaria cases diagnosed at the Guapi malaria health facility originated within a 25 km radius of the town of Guapi. We therefore define the Guapi malaria transmission unit as the area where the catchment facility captures 95% of cases ( Fig. S1 4). Scientific RepoRtS |(2020) 10:3756 | https://doi.

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Plasmodium vivax malaria at households: spatial clustering and risk factors in a low endemicity urban area of the northwestern Peruvian coast

Cited by 38 publications

References 34 publications

Epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Peru

Epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Peru

Clustering of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infection and the effectiveness of targeted malaria control measures

Spatio-temporal dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum transmission within a spatial unit on the Colombian Pacific Coast

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