Plasmodium vivax malaria among pregnant women in Eastern Sudan

Rayis, Duria A.; Ahmed, Mohammed A.; Omer, E.

doi:10.1016/s2222-1808(15)61058-1

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…A better understanding of co-evolutionary dynamics between co-dominant mosquitoes and parasites will facilitate the identification of molecular mechanisms related to disease transmission and provide important data to guide malaria control. Plasmodium vivax is becoming a serious health problem exhibiting a wide range of hosts children adults and even pregnant women [ 58 ]. It has also been detected in asymptomatic individuals [ 59 , 60 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular and morphological identification of suspected Plasmodium vivax vectors in Central and Eastern Sudan

Abdelwhab

Elaagip

Albsheer

et al. 2021

Malar J

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Background In spite of the global effort to eliminate malaria, it remains the most significant vector-borne disease of humans. Plasmodium falciparum is the dominant malaria parasite in sub-Saharan Africa. However, Plasmodium vivax is becoming widely spread throughout Africa. The overuse of vector control methods has resulted in a remarkable change in the behaviour of mosquito that feeds on human as well as on vector composition. The aim of this study was to identify Anopheles mosquito species in vivax malaria endemic regions and to investigate their role in P. vivax circumsporozoite protein (Pvcsp) allele diversity. Methods Mosquito samples were collected from Central Sudan (Rural Khartoum and Sennar) and Eastern Sudan (New Halfa, Kassala state) using pyrethrum spray catch (PSC) and CDC light traps. Mosquitoes were identified using appropriate morphological identification keys and Anopheles gambiae complex were confirmed to species level using molecular analysis. A subset of blood-fed anopheline mosquitoes were dissected to determine the presence of natural infection of malaria parasites. In addition, the rest of the samples were investigated for the presence of Pvcsp gene using nested-PCR. Results A total of 1037 adult anopheline mosquitoes were collected from New Halfa (N = 467), Rural Khartoum (N = 132), and Sennar (N = 438). Morphological and molecular identification of the collected mosquitoes revealed the presence of Anopheles arabiensis (94.2%), Anopheles funestus (0.5%), and Anopheles pharoensis (5.4%). None of the dissected mosquitoes (N = 108) showed to be infected with malaria parasite. Overall P. vivax infectivity rate was 6.1% (63/1037) by Pvcsp nested PCR. Co-dominance of An. arabiensis and An. pharoensis is reported in Sennar state both being infected with P. vivax. Conclusion This study reported P. vivax infection among wild-caught anopheline mosquitoes in Central and Eastern Sudan. While An. arabiensis is the most abundant vector observed in all study areas, An. funestus was recorded for the first time in New Halfa, Eastern Sudan. The documented Anopheles species are implicated in Pvcsp allele diversity. Large-scale surveys are needed to identify the incriminated vectors of P. vivax malaria and determine their contribution in disease transmission dynamics.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular and morphological identification of suspected Plasmodium vivax vectors in Central and Eastern Sudan

Abdelwhab

Elaagip

Albsheer

et al. 2021

Malar J

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“…vivax is becoming a serious health problem exhibiting a wide range of hosts children [6], adults [55] and even pregnant women [56]. Also has been detected on asymptomatic individuals [57,58].…”

Section: Previous Studies Onmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular and morphological identification of suspected Plasmodium vivax vectors in Central and Eastern Sudan

Abdelwhab

Elaagip

Albsheer

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: In spite of the global effort to eliminate malaria, it remains the most significant vector-borne disease of humans. Plasmodium falciparum remains the dominant malaria parasite in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, P. vivax is becoming widely spread throughout Africa. The overuse of vector control methods has resulted in a remarkable change in the behaviour of mosquito that feeds on human as well as on vector composition. The aim of this study was to identify Anopheles mosquito species in vivax malaria endemic regions and to investigate their role in P. vivax malaria transmission.Methods: Mosquito samples were collected from Central Sudan (Khartoum and Sennar States) and Eastern Sudan (New Halfa) using Pyrethrum Spray Catch (PSC) and CDC light traps. Mosquitoes were identified using appropriate morphological identification keys and Anopheles gambiae complex were confirmed to species level using molecular analysis. A subset of blood-fed anopheline mosquitoes were dissectedto study the presence of natural infection of malaria parasites. In addition, the rest of the blood-fed samples were investigated for presence of infective sporozoites of P. vivax that detecting the P. vivax circumsporozoite protein (pvcsp) gene using nested-PCR.Results: A total of 644 adult anopheline blood-fed mosquitoes were collected from New Halfa (N = 214 mosquitoes), Khartoum (N = 132 mosquitoes), and Sennar (N = 298 mosquitoes). Morphological and molecular identification of the collected mosquitoes revealed the presence of An. arabiensis, An. funestus, and An. pharoensis. Out of 644 anophelines subjected to P. vivax sporozoite detection (N = 40, 6.2%) were positive for P. vivax.An. arabiensis 6.7% (39/583) and An. pharoensis 1.8% (1/56) were found positive for the parasite. While An. funestus was detected for the first time in New Halfa with low abundance (5/214 mosquitoes) and were found negative for the parasite.Conclusion: This study documented the presence of An. funestus for the first time in New Halfa, Eastern Sudan. However, An. arabiensis is the most abundant vector detected, together with An. pharoensis. This findings suggests change in malaria epidemiology. Further studies are needed to investigate their contribution in malaria transmission.

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“…Severe P. vivax cases were mostly neglected and misdiagnosed as Plasmodium falciparum infection or confused with other fever causing disease. There were a few reports of severe P. vivax malaria cases in Sudan, suggesting an underestimation of the prevalence of severe P. vivax infection due to the low sensitivity of the currently used blood films and the seldom use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) [4–6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmodium vivax cerebral malaria in an adult patient in Sudan

Mukhtar¹,

Eisawi²,

Amanfo

et al. 2019

Malar J

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Background Plasmodium vivax infection is rising in sub-Saharan Africa, where Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for more than 90% of malaria cases. While P. vivax is identified as a major cause of severe and cerebral malaria in South east Asia, the Pacific and South America, most of the severe and cerebral cases in Africa were attributed to P. falciparum. Cases of severe malaria due to P. vivax are emerging in Africa. A few severe P. vivax cases were reported in Eastern Sudan and they were underestimated due to the lack of accurate diagnosis, low parasitaemia and seldom use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). Case presentation A 60-year-old Sudanese male presented to the Al Kuwaiti hospital in the Sudan capital Khartoum. On admission, the patient was complaining of fever (measured temperature was 38 °C), sweating, chills, vomiting and confusion in the past 2 days prior to his admission. He rapidly deteriorated into a coma state within 48 h of the admission, with significant neck stiffness. He was admitted to the intensive care unit and was suspected of meningitis. Lumbar puncture was not performed since the patient was suffering from spinal cord disc. Brain CT scan was unremarkable. Several biochemical, haematological tests, and blood film for malaria were performed. The results of the laboratory tests were within the normal range except of mild elevation of the total white blood cell count and a significant decrease in the platelets count. Malaria parasites were seen in the blood film with high parasitaemia (quantified as 3 +++). The patient was diagnosed as P. vivax cerebral malaria based on the positive blood film and the amplification of P. vivax specific 499 bp amplicon using Plasmodium multi-species multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The patient was treated with quinine 10 mg/kg body weight for 10 days followed by primaquine 15 mg/days PO for 2 weeks. The symptoms subsided within 48 h and the patients was cured and released from the hospital. Conclusions Plasmodium vivax is an emerging cause of cerebral malaria in adults in Sudan and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cerebral malaria for proper management of patients.

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Plasmodium vivax malaria among pregnant women in Eastern Sudan

Cited by 5 publications

References 29 publications

Molecular and morphological identification of suspected Plasmodium vivax vectors in Central and Eastern Sudan

Molecular and morphological identification of suspected Plasmodium vivax vectors in Central and Eastern Sudan

Molecular and morphological identification of suspected Plasmodium vivax vectors in Central and Eastern Sudan

Plasmodium vivax cerebral malaria in an adult patient in Sudan

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