Plasmodium vivax CSP-Pvs25 variants from southern Mexico produce distinct patterns of infectivity for Anopheles albimanus versus An. pseudopunctipennis, in each case independent of geographical origin

Abstract

Background The susceptibility of Anopheles albimanus and An. pseudopunctipennis to local Plasmodium vivax has been associated in southern Mexico with two ookinete surface proteins (Pvs25/28) polymorphism. Perhaps parasite population selection (i.e. adaptation to local vectors) contributes to this phenomenon. It is also possible that certain molecular interactions exist between P. vivax and each mosquito species independently of geographical origin. This study aimed to explore the susceptibility of An. albimanus and An. pseudopunctipennis (collected from different geographical sites) to P. vivax cspVk/Pvs25-130 haplotypes from southern Mexico. Results Of the 120 P. vivax -infected blood samples used to simultaneously feed An. albimanus and An. pseudopunctipennis mosquitoes originating from various geographical sites, 80 produced at least one infected mosquito species. Three parasite haplotypes were identified in infected blood: Vk210/Pvs25-A (12.5%), Vk210/Pvs25-B (20%) and Vk247/Pvs25-B (67.5%). Two parameters (the proportion of infected mosquitoes and number of oocysts/mosquito) showed a similar pattern for each mosquito species (independently of geographical origin). For An. albimanus mosquitoes (from the Pacific coast, Mexican gulf and Lacandon Forest lowlands), these two parameters were higher in specimens infected with P. vivax Vk210/Pvs25-A versus Vk210/Pvs25-B or Vk247/Pvs25-B ( P < 0.001). For An. pseudopunctipennis mosquitoes (from the Pacific coast, northeast Mexico and east Guatemala foothills), the same two parameters were higher in specimens infected with Vk247/Pvs25-B or Vk210/Pvs25-B versus Vk210/Pvs25-A ( P < 0.001). Higher infection rates were caused by Vk247/Pvs25-B than Vk210/Pvs25-B parasites in An. pseudopunctipennis ( P = 0.011 ) and An. albimanus ( P = 0.001). The greatest parasitaemia, gametocytaemia and microgamete formation was observed in Vk247/Pvs25-B infected blood, and each of these parameters correlated with each other and with the number of oocysts in An. pseudopunctipennis from the sympatric colony. Conclusions Plasmodium vivax Vk247/Pvs25-B infections were the most prevalent, likely due to the higher parasitaemia produced in the susceptible vector (especially An. pseudopunctipennis ). The analysis of mosquito-parasite interactions indicate that ...

Ookinete-Specific Genes and 18S SSU rRNA Evidenced in Plasmodium vivax Selection and Adaptation by Sympatric Vectors

“…pseudopunctipennis from other areas of Mexico and An. pseudopunctipennis from Guatemala indicated that the differential infectivity of the two southern Mexican P. vivax Pvs25 haplotypes (presumably types A and B) followed the same pattern, irrespective of the geographic origin of the mosquitoes (Gonzalez-Ceron et al, 2019). An electron microscopy analysis of P. vivax (corresponding to those identified as PvSM-B) during ookinete migration in Ny.…”

“…This methodology allowed for the modeling of clustered data from different experiments, taking into consideration the correlation within each parasite sample (experiment), but used the pooled data in the model. Pooling data on different experiments (parasite samples) is a common statistical approach in the analysis of differential infection susceptibility (Gonzalez-Ceron et al, 1999;Rodriguez et al, 2000;Gonzalez-Ceron et al, 2007;Gonzalez-Ceron et al, 2010;Gonzalez-Ceron et al, 2019). Supplementary Table S2 shows the proportion of infected mosquitoes and the intensity of infection in each parasite sample.…”

“…albimanus (A/WS-R) and An. pseudopunctipennis (P/TAP-R) from insectary colonies held at CRISP were simultaneously offered infected blood in artificial feeders (Gonzalez-Ceron et al, 2019). Only engorged mosquitoes were maintained under insectary conditions (Gonzalez-Ceron et al, 1999).…”

“…For Pvs25, gene fragments comprising codons 87 and 130 were amplified with primers Pvs25-F23 and Pvs25-R214 ( Supplementary Table S1). The amplification mixture contained 100 ng of total genomic DNA and the PCR mixture and conditions of amplification used were reported previously (Gonzalez-Ceron et al, 2019). For Pvs28, Pvs28-F and Pvs28-R primers flanking the coding region were used, and the PCR conditions used were reported previously (Gonzalez-Ceron et al, 2010).…”

Molecular and morphological identification of suspected Plasmodium vivax vectors in Central and Eastern Sudan

“…pharoensis ) was demonstrated in the two study sites. This variation in Pvcsp allelic distribution perhaps is due to adaptation of parasites to local mosquito species thus transmit distinct P. vivax variants/haplotypes with different efficiency [ 56 , 57 ]. A better understanding of co-evolutionary dynamics between co-dominant mosquitoes and parasites will facilitate the identification of molecular mechanisms related to disease transmission and provide important data to guide malaria control.…”