Plasmodium’s journey through the Anopheles mosquito: A comprehensive review

Singh, Meghna; Suryanshu,; Kanika, .; Singh, Gagandeep; Dubey, Alok; Chaitanya, R.K.

doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2020.12.009

Cited by 18 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 118 publications

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“…In this study, P. berghei oocysts formed throughout the body in male and female mosquitoes injected with ookinetes, particularly in the esophagus, dorsal diverticula, crop, and inner abdominal wall. In blood-feeding female mosquitoes, P. berghei ookinetes transform into oocysts by migrating through midgut epithelial cells to face the hemocoel [2–4]. It has been reported that P. berghei ookinetes injected into the female A. gambiae hemocoel can develop into oocysts anywhere in the hemocoel [11,12], consistent with the observations of this study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…This study showed that P. falciparum infects male mosquitoes injected with gametocytes and zygotes, indicating that the development of gametocytes to ookinetes, which normally occurs in the midgut, is midgut-independent and occurs in the hemocoel. In blood-feeding mosquitoes, gametocytes differentiate into mature oocysts with sporozoites in 10–15 d [2–4]. The injection of P. falciparum gametocytes and zygotes showed infection at 15- and 11-d post injection, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Malaria is a serious protozoan disease that infects 200 million and kills 400 000 people per year [1]. It is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes [2–4]. Soon after feeding on an infected vertebrate host, the gametocytes form gametes that, after fertilization, give rise to zygotes that, within approximately 24 h, develop into motile ookinetes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular mechanisms of Plasmodium development in male and female Anopheles mosquitoes

Haraguchi

Takano

Hakozaki

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Vector competence influences the ability of Anopheles mosquitoes to transmit Plasmodium parasites. The aim of this study was to determine the competence of male and female Anopheles mosquitoes to support the development of Plasmodium parasites. Male and female A. stephensi (STE2 strain) were infected with in vitro-cultured P. berghei (ANKA strain) ookinetes. We found that the number of oocysts produced was higher in males than in females. RNA-seq analysis of male and female mosquitoes injected with P. berghei ookinetes showed that predominantly genes of unknown function changed in expression levels in response to ookinete infection; however, further studies are required to elucidate their functions. Moreover, male mosquitoes were injected with in vitro-cultured P. falciparum (3D7 strain) gametocytes or zygotes. The development of P. falciparum in males was detected using nested polymerase chain reaction. We found the DNA content was higher on day 15 than on day 0, indicating that P. falciparum developed in the mosquito hemocoel. This study revealed promising new mechanisms underlying the interactions between Plasmodium and mosquitoes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular mechanisms of Plasmodium development in male and female Anopheles mosquitoes

Haraguchi

Takano

Hakozaki

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…Human malaria is an infectious disease caused by single-cell protozoan parasites of the Plasmodium genus, namely: P. falciparum , P. vivax , P. ovale , P. malariae , and P. knowlesi , and is transmitted through the bite of female Anopheles mosquitoes ( Crompton et al, 2014 ; Singh et al, 2021 ); of these, P. falciparum is the most virulent and prevalent globally. Symptoms can range from a mild to severe disease which can cause important physical disabilities and death, with an enormous health burden, especially among the most vulnerable and poor populations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on Activities and Chemical Characterization of Medicinal Plants in Search for New Antimalarials: A Ten Year Review on Ethnopharmacology

et al. 2021

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Malaria is an endemic disease that affected 229 million people and caused 409 thousand deaths, in 2019. Disease control is based on early diagnosis and specific treatment with antimalarial drugs since no effective vaccines are commercially available to prevent the disease. Drug chemotherapy has a strong historical link to the use of traditional plant infusions and other natural products in various cultures. The research based on such knowledge has yielded two drugs in medicine: the alkaloid quinine from Cinchona species, native in the Amazon highland rain forest in South America, and artemisinin from Artemisia annua, a species from the millenary Chinese medicine. The artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), proven to be highly effective against malaria parasites, and considered as “the last bullet to fight drug-resistant malaria parasites,” have limited use now due to the emergence of multidrug resistance. In addition, the limited number of therapeutic options makes urgent the development of new antimalarial drugs. This review focuses on the antimalarial activities of 90 plant species obtained from a search using Pubmed database with keywords “antimalarials,” “plants” and “natural products.” We selected only papers published in the last 10 years (2011–2020), with a further analysis of those which were tested experimentally in malaria infected mice. Most plant species studied were from the African continent, followed by Asia and South America; their antimalarial activities were evaluated against asexual blood parasites, and only one species was evaluated for transmission blocking activity. Only a few compounds isolated from these plants were active and had their mechanisms of action delineated, thereby limiting the contribution of these medicinal plants as sources of novel antimalarial pharmacophores, which are highly necessary for the development of effective drugs. Nevertheless, the search for bioactive compounds remains as a promising strategy for the development of new antimalarials and the validation of traditional treatments against malaria. One species native in South America, Ampelozyzyphus amazonicus, and is largely used against human malaria in Brazil has a prophylactic effect, interfering with the viability of sporozoites in in vitro and in vivo experiments.

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“…During the Plasmodium life cycle, sporozoites are deposited in the dermis of the host from the bite of infected female Anopheles and reach the bloodstream to migrate to the liver where they invade hepatocytes ( Dundas et al, 2019 ; Singh et al, 2021 ). Sporozoites replicate inside hepatocytes and manipulate their environment to ensure the safe release of merozoites into the bloodstream through merosomes vesicles that project into the liver sinusoid capillaries ( Sturm et al, 2006 ).…”

Section: Roles Of the Sumoylation Machinery Within The Life Cycle Of P Falciparummentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeting SUMOylation in Plasmodium as a Potential Target for Malaria Therapy

Oliveira

Kronenberger

Palmisano

et al. 2021

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Malaria is a parasitic disease that represents a public health problem worldwide. Protozoans of the Plasmodium genus are responsible for causing malaria in humans. Plasmodium species have a complex life cycle that requires post-translational modifications (PTMs) to control cellular activities temporally and spatially and regulate the levels of critical proteins and cellular mechanisms for maintaining an efficient infection and immune evasion. SUMOylation is a PTM formed by the covalent linkage of a small ubiquitin-like modifier protein to the lysine residues on the protein substrate. This PTM is reversible and is triggered by the sequential action of three enzymes: E1-activating, E2-conjugating, and E3 ligase. On the other end, ubiquitin-like-protein-specific proteases in yeast and sentrin-specific proteases in mammals are responsible for processing SUMO peptides and for deconjugating SUMOylated moieties. Further studies are necessary to comprehend the molecular mechanisms and cellular functions of SUMO in Plasmodium. The emergence of drug-resistant malaria parasites prompts the discovery of new targets and antimalarial drugs with novel mechanisms of action. In this scenario, the conserved biological processes regulated by SUMOylation in the malaria parasites such as gene expression regulation, oxidative stress response, ubiquitylation, and proteasome pathways, suggest PfSUMO as a new potential drug target. This mini-review focuses on the current understanding of the mechanism of action of the PfSUMO during the coordinated multi-step life cycle of Plasmodium and discusses them as attractive new target proteins for the development of parasite-specific inhibitors and therapeutic intervention toward malaria disease.

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Plasmodium’s journey through the Anopheles mosquito: A comprehensive review

Cited by 18 publications

References 118 publications

Molecular mechanisms of Plasmodium development in male and female Anopheles mosquitoes

Molecular mechanisms of Plasmodium development in male and female Anopheles mosquitoes

Studies on Activities and Chemical Characterization of Medicinal Plants in Search for New Antimalarials: A Ten Year Review on Ethnopharmacology

Targeting SUMOylation in Plasmodium as a Potential Target for Malaria Therapy

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