Plasmodium malariae in the Colombian Amazon region: you don’t diagnose what you don’t suspect

Niño, Carlos Hernando; Cubides, Juan Ricardo; Camargo-Ayala, Paola Andrea; Rodríguez-Celis, Carlos Arturo; Quiñones, Teódulo; Cortés-Castillo, Moisés Tomás; Sánchez-Suárez, Lizeth; Sánchez, Ricardo; Patarroyo, Manuel Elkín; Patarroyo, Manuel A.

doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1629-3

Cited by 22 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(87 reference statements)

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“…For achieving the ultimate goal of eliminating malaria in Kenya, existing control programs that primarily target P. falciparum are inadequate. The use of rapid diagnostic tests or microscopy as first-line diagnostic methods can lead to gross underestimation of the actual prevalence of P. malariae ( 4 – 6 ). Our findings indicated that P. malariae accounted for ≈3% of clinical cases and ≈5% of asymptomatic infections in this malaria-endemic region.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By contrast, P. malariae and P. ovale receive little attention, and malaria caused by these organisms is among the most neglected tropical diseases ( 3 ). In those rural areas of Africa where malaria is most common, affordable diagnostic tools are rapid diagnostic tests and microscopy, but they are not effective for detecting these 2 species, mainly because parasitemia with these species is low ( 4 – 6 ). As a result, P. malariae and P. ovale infections are often underestimated, and epidemiologic information, such as distribution and prevalence of these species in malaria-endemic areas, is lacking.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Plasmodium malariaePrevalence andcspGene Diversity, Kenya, 2014 and 2015

Lo¹,

Nguyen²,

Nguyen³

et al. 2017

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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In Africa, control programs that target primarily Plasmodium falciparum are inadequate for eliminating malaria. To learn more about prevalence and genetic variability of P. malariae in Africa, we examined blood samples from 663 asymptomatic and 245 symptomatic persons from western Kenya during June–August of 2014 and 2015. P. malariae accounted for 5.3% (35/663) of asymptomatic infections and 3.3% (8/245) of clinical cases. Among asymptomatic persons, 71% (32/45) of P. malariae infections detected by PCR were undetected by microscopy. The low sensitivity of microscopy probably results from the significantly lower parasitemia of P. malariae. Analyses of P. malariae circumsporozoite protein gene sequences revealed high genetic diversity among P. malariae in Africa, but no clear differentiation among geographic populations was observed. Our findings suggest that P. malariae should be included in the malaria elimination strategy in Africa and highlight the need for sensitive and field-applicable methods to identify P. malariae in malaria-endemic areas.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmodium malariaePrevalence andcspGene Diversity, Kenya, 2014 and 2015

Lo¹,

Nguyen²,

Nguyen³

et al. 2017

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…P. malariae deploys a different transmission strategy, with a large parasite reservoir in asymptomatic carriers with low parasitemia. These chronic P. malariae infections can occasionally cause anemia and nephrotic syndrome (4,(6)(7)(8). Use of molecular techniques such as qPCR has enabled more sensitive detection of parasite carriage compared to microscopy (3,9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymorphic markers for identification of parasite population in Plasmodium malariae

Mathema

Nakeesathit

Pagornrat

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Background Molecular genotyping in Plasmodium serves many aims including providing tools for studying parasite population genetics and distinguishing recrudescence from reinfection. Microsatellite typing, insertion-deletion (INDEL) and single nucleotide polymorphisms is used for genotyping, but only limited information is available for P. malariae, an important human malaria species. This study aimed to provide a set of genetic markers to facilitate the study of P. malariae population genetics. Methods Markers for microsatellite genotyping and merozoite surface protein 1 (pmmsp1) gene polymorphisms were developed and validated in symptomatic P. malariae field isolates from Myanmar (N=37). Fragment analysis was used to determine allele sizes at each locus to calculate multiplicity of infections (MOI), linkage disequilibrium, genetic richness index, heterozygosity and construct dendrograms. Nucleotide diversity (π), number of haplotypes, and genetic diversity (Hd) were assessed and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. Genome-wide microsatellite maps with annotated regions of newly identified markers were constructed.Results Six microsatellite markers were developed and tested in 37 P. malariae isolates which showed sufficient heterozygosity (0.530-0.922), genetic richness index (0.050-0.250) and absence of linkage disequilibrium (IAS = 0.03, p-value > 0.05) (N=37). In addition, a tandem repeat (VNTR)-based pmmsp1 INDEL polymorphisms marker was developed and assessed in 27 P. malariae isolates showing a nucleotide diversity of 0.092, haplotype gene diversity of 0.698 and identified 14 unique variants. The size of VNTR consensus repeat unit adopted as allele was 27 base pairs. The markers Pm12_426 and pmmsp1 showed greatest diversity with heterozygosity scores of 0.920 and 0.835, respectively. Using six microsatellites markers, the likelihood that any two parasite strains would have the same microsatellite genotypes was 8.46 × 10-4 and was further reduced to 1.66 × 10-4 when pmmsp1 polymorphisms were included.Conclusions Six novel microsatellites genotyping markers and a set of pmmsp1 VNTR-based INDEL polymorphisms markers for P. malariae were developed and validated. Each marker could be independently or in combination employed to access genotyping of the parasite. The newly developed markers may serve as a useful tool for investigating parasite diversity, population genetics, molecular epidemiology and for distinguishing recrudescence from reinfection in drug efficacy studies.

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“…Plasmodium malariae deploys a different transmission strategy, with a large parasite reservoir in asymptomatic carriers with low parasitaemia. These chronic P. malariae infections can occasionally cause anaemia and nephrotic syndrome [4,[6][7][8]. Use of molecular techniques such as qPCR has enabled more sensitive detection of parasite carriage compared to microscopy [3,9].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymorphic markers for identification of parasite population in Plasmodium malariae

Mathema

Nakeesathit

Pagornrat

et al. 2020

Malar J

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Background: Molecular genotyping in Plasmodium serves many aims including providing tools for studying parasite population genetics and distinguishing recrudescence from reinfection. Microsatellite typing, insertion-deletion (INDEL) and single nucleotide polymorphisms is used for genotyping, but only limited information is available for Plasmodium malariae, an important human malaria species. This study aimed to provide a set of genetic markers to facilitate the study of P. malariae population genetics. Methods: Markers for microsatellite genotyping and pmmsp1 gene polymorphisms were developed and validated in symptomatic P. malariae field isolates from Myanmar (N = 37). Fragment analysis was used to determine allele sizes at each locus to calculate multiplicity of infections (MOI), linkage disequilibrium, heterozygosity and construct dendrograms. Nucleotide diversity (π), number of haplotypes, and genetic diversity (H d) were assessed and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. Genome-wide microsatellite maps with annotated regions of newly identified markers were constructed. Results: Six microsatellite markers were developed and tested in 37 P. malariae isolates which showed sufficient heterozygosity (0.530-0.922), and absence of linkage disequilibrium (I A S =0.03, p value > 0.05) (N = 37). In addition, a tandem repeat (VNTR)-based pmmsp1 INDEL polymorphisms marker was developed and assessed in 27 P. malariae isolates showing a nucleotide diversity of 0.0976, haplotype gene diversity of 0.698 and identified 14 unique variants. The size of VNTR consensus repeat unit adopted as allele was 27 base pairs. The markers Pm12_426 and pmmsp1 showed greatest diversity with heterozygosity scores of 0.920 and 0.835, respectively. Using six microsatellites markers, the likelihood that any two parasite strains would have the same microsatellite genotypes was 8.46 × 10 −4 and was further reduced to 1.66 × 10 −4 when pmmsp1 polymorphisms were included. Conclusions: Six novel microsatellites genotyping markers and a set of pmmsp1 VNTR-based INDEL polymorphisms markers for P. malariae were developed and validated. Each marker could be independently or in combination employed to access genotyping of the parasite. The newly developed markers may serve as a useful tool for investigating parasite diversity, population genetics, molecular epidemiology and for distinguishing recrudescence from reinfection in drug efficacy studies.

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Plasmodium malariae in the Colombian Amazon region: you don’t diagnose what you don’t suspect

Cited by 22 publications

References 46 publications

Plasmodium malariaePrevalence andcspGene Diversity, Kenya, 2014 and 2015

Plasmodium malariaePrevalence andcspGene Diversity, Kenya, 2014 and 2015

Polymorphic markers for identification of parasite population in Plasmodium malariae

Polymorphic markers for identification of parasite population in Plasmodium malariae

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