Plasmodium knowlesi in humans, macaques and mosquitoes in peninsular Malaysia

Vythilingam, Indra; NoorAzian, Yusuf M; Huat, Tan Cheong; Jiram, Adela Ida; Yusri, Yusof M; Azahari, A. H.; Ismail, NorParina; NoorRain, A.; LokmanHakim, Sulaiman

doi:10.1186/1756-3305-1-26

Cited by 207 publications

(277 citation statements)

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“…Identification of more cases in the following years from different hospitals in Sarawak (Cox- , high incidence in the interior divisions of Sabah (Lau et al 2011) and severe cases from a tertiary hospital in Sabah (Willam et al 2011) established that the entire Malaysian Borneo has P. knowlesi cases. Vythillingam et al (2008) reported cases from Peninsular Malaysia.…”

Section: Natural P Knowlesi Infections In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These investigators used Anopheles balabacensis, a member of the Leucosphyrus complex placed under the Leucosphyrus Group (Sallum et al 2005). The proof that P. knowlesi in humans is a case of malaria zoonoses came from studies by Vythillingam et al (2006Vythillingam et al ( , 2008. In Sarawak Lee et al (2011) Malaysia, specimens of An.…”

Section: Clinical Symptoms Of P Knowlesi Infections and Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Centenary celebrations article

Subbarao

2011

J Parasit Dis

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The identification of a large focus of Plasmodium knowlesi in Malaysian Borneo and subsequent reports from several countries in South-east Asia has led its recognition as the fifth human malaria parasite. The natural preferred hosts of this species still continue to be macaque monkeys that live in broad-leaf rain forests. This review describes the distribution of macaque monkeys, the Anopheles species belonging to the Leucosphyrus Group that have been incriminated as vectors, morphological and clinical features of this parasite, and the transmission cycles that have been identified for this parasite. As the North-eastern states of India share their borders with P. knowlesi malaria endemic countries and because travelers from countries in South-east Asia visit India and vice versa, risks of this parasite entering India and its spread are also discussed.

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Section: Natural P Knowlesi Infections In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clinical Symptoms Of P Knowlesi Infections and Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Centenary celebrations article

Subbarao

2011

J Parasit Dis

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“…To our knowledge this is the first report of the detection of P. knowlesi together with P. falciparum and P. vivax in an individual mosquito from a population that acts as the principal human malaria vector in a given area. Studies on P. knowlesi transmission in Malaysia (Vythilingam et al, 2006(Vythilingam et al, , 2008 identified a vector species that, although belonging to the Anopheles leucosphyrus group, is at present not implicated in the transmission of human malaria parasites. Our report shows that P.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Detection of the CSP gene of P. knowlesi was carried out as previously described (Vythilingam et al, 2008). Primer sequences for region 3 of pfg377 mRNA and gDNA (Menegon et al, 2000), pfs16 mRNA (Niederwieser et al, 2000), ssrRNA-DNA of human Plasmodium spp.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Primer sequences for region 3 of pfg377 mRNA and gDNA (Menegon et al, 2000), pfs16 mRNA (Niederwieser et al, 2000), ssrRNA-DNA of human Plasmodium spp. (Lardeux et al, 2008), and ssrRNA-DNA of P. knowlesi (Singh et al, 2004) and the CSP gene of P. knowlesi (Vythilingam et al, 2008) Piscataway, NJ, USA). The reaction products for sequencing were separated with an ABI Prism 310 Genetic Analyzer (Perkin Elmer) and the resulting nucleotide sequences were compiled using Vector NTI Advance (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA).…”

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Anopheles dirus co-infection with human and monkey malaria parasites in Vietnam

Nakazawa

Marchand²,

Quang³

et al. 2009

International Journal for Parasitology

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The feasibility of identifying parasite DNA and specific mRNAs from wild caught Anopheles dirus mosquitoes was assessed using dried mosquito salivary glands preserved on filter paper. We were able to detect Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax This study also shows that the preservation of mosquito salivary glands on filter paper, and the down-stream extraction of parasite DNA and RNA from those, offers a powerful resource for molecular epidemiological studies on malaria. Keywords: Salivary glands, Plasmodium knowlesi, PCR, RT-PCRMalaria transmission occurs in the forested areas in the southern and central provinces of Vietnam (Erhart et al., 2004) and constitutes a considerable public health problem in these areas. In order to fully understand the complexities of malaria transmission, it is important to identify and characterize malaria parasites in mosquito vectors. Evidence for the generation of genetic diversity during sexual proliferation in mosquito vectors has previously been accumulated using laboratory isolates of genetically diverse parasites, as well as with samples from field settings (Babiker et al., 1994; Menegon et al., 2000 knowlesi, were spotted onto chromatography-grade filter papers (ET31CHR;Whatman, Maidstone, UK). Each blood-spotted filter paper was immediately air-dried and stored in a sealed plastic bag at room temperature until RT-PCR or PCR analysis was performed. To examine the detection limit for mosquito salivary gland-extracted parasite mRNA, salivary glands from laboratory reared Anopheles stephensi were prepared in the same way as were the wild-caughtAn. dirus. Salivary glands were dissected from laboratory colony reared An.stephensi more than 1 week after blood feeding on either mouse or human blood and dried on E31CHR filter paper at room temperature. Gametocyte suspensions were obtained from cultured 3D7-9A by pyrimethamine treatment at 10 -6 M from day 7 after thawing until harvest on day 12. Ten times serially diluted cultured gametocyte suspension was added to the spot on the filter paper where the salivary glands were attached. Extraction of RNA and reverse transcription was carried out as previously described (Maeno et al., 2003). Briefly, dried spotted filter paper was cut into small pieces and total RNA and genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted with ISOGEN (Nippon gene, Tokyo, Japan) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The extracted total RNA was transcribed to synthesize cDNA which was subsequently subjected to PCR using specific The detection limit of parasite mRNA by RT-PCR was one gametocyte per salivary gland for pfg377 mRNA and 10 gametocytes per gland for pfs16 mRNA (Fig. 1A). We extracted both parasite gDNA and mRNA from the salivary glands of wild caught mosquitoes. Region 3 of pfg377 mRNA was detected in all of the three dried salivary gland samples and both the mRNA and gDNA of pfg377 were detected in two samples (Fig. 1B). The PCR products showed the same molecular size as the RT-PCR products by electrophoresis. No PCR product was observed by ...

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