The effect of a recombinant hybrid human interferon ␣ (IFN-␣) (which cross-reacts with murine cells) on C57BL/6 mice infected with Plasmodium yoelii sporozoites or parasitized erythrocytes was determined. IFN-␣ did not inhibit the development of the parasite in the liver, but it did reduce the blood parasite load and the hepatosplenomegaly induced by the infection in mice injected with blood-stage parasites. The extent of anemia in IFN-␣-treated and control mice was similar, despite the lower parasite load in the IFN-␣-treated mice.The reduced blood parasite load in IFN-␣-treated mice was associated with reduced erythropoiesis and reticulocytosis. As reticulocytes are the preferred target cells for the strain of P yoelii used (P yoelii yoelii 265 BY), it was postulated that the inhibition of reticulocytosis in IFN-␣-treated mice was causally related to the observed decreased blood parasite load. This was supported by the finding that IFN-␣ inhibited a different strain of P yoelii (17X clone A), which also displays a tropism for reticulocytes, but not a line of Plasmodium vinckei petteri, which infects only mature red blood cells. As human malaria species also display different tropism for reticulocytes, these findings could be relevant for people co-
IntroductionMalaria remains a disease that is estimated to kill 1.5 million to 2.7 million people each year. 1 The parasite and its mosquito vector have become resistant to several drugs in recent years, and this has stimulated a search for new therapeutic strategies. Recombinant cytokines can confer protection against bacterial, viral, and some intracellular parasitic infection. Some of these cytokines can also inhibit the development of the malaria parasite. Recombinant interferon ␥ (IFN-␥) inhibits the development of the liver stage of murine, 2 simian, 3 and human 3,4 malaria in vitro and in vivo. Protection against murine and simian malaria is also obtained after treatment with recombinant (r) IL-12. [5][6][7] Type I interferons were originally described as potent antivirus substances that are produced by animal cells infected with virus. However, the role of type I IFNs in the defense against nonvirus pathogen is much less well studied. 8 IFN type I (IFN-␣ or ) inducers, such as Newcastle disease virus, statolon, or polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid, 9-13 and unpurified serum IFN 14 protect against Plasmodium berghei infection. However, the action of IFN-␣ alone is still not known.In this study, we have analyzed the effect of a recombinant human IFN-␣ hybrid that cross-reacts with murine cells on the course and the pathology of infection with different species or strains of rodent Plasmodium, initiated by inoculation with either sporozoites or parasitized erythrocytes. We show that inhibition of parasite-induced reticulocytemia by IFN-␣ influences only parasite species that are restricted to reticulocytes. Our results extend previous observations 15 whose interpretation is complicated by the fact that a corticosteroid, which is a potent immunosuppresso...