Plasmin in Parasitic Chronic Infections: Friend or Foe?

González‐Miguel, Javier; Siles-Lucas, Mar; Kartashev, Vladimir; Morchón, Rodrigo; Simón, F.

doi:10.1016/j.pt.2015.12.012

Cited by 33 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…These results confirmed that lysine analogs play an essential role in enolase-plasminogen interactions (10,13,15). The active form of plasminogen is plasmin, a serine protease, which can degrade cell extracellular matrix to assist pathogen infection of hosts (24). Furthermore, enolase can also promote plasminogen to plasmin conversion in the presence of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) or urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) (13,15).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Expression, purification, and biological characterization of <i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i> enolase

Gao

Chen

Liu

2017

BST

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Expression, purification, and biological characterization of <i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i> enolase

Gao

Chen

Liu

2017

BST

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“…The active form of the mammalian liver enzyme plasminogen is plasmin, a serine protease that plays a key role in degrading the target host cell extracellular matrix during infection with pathogenic organisms (Lahteenmaki et al, 2005; Gonzalez-Miguel et al, 2016). Plasminogen activation also requires tissue/uPA, and it has also been reported that surface expressed enolase can enhance the activation process (Floden et al, 2011; Ghosh et al, 2011; Nogueira et al, 2012; Toledo et al, 2012; Figueiredo et al, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complete Molecular and Immunoprotective Characterization of Babesia microti Enolase

et al. 2017

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The apicomplexan Babesia microti is the primary causative agent of human babesiosis, one of the most broadly distributed tick-borne diseases worldwide. B. microti undergoes a complex lifecycle within both the mammalian host and the tick vector, and employs several different specific molecular mechanisms to enter host cells. Enolase, the key glycolytic enzyme in intracellular glucose metabolism, can also be expressed on the parasite’s outer surface, binds to human plasminogen, and coordinates apicomplexan parasite invasion of host cells, however, it lacks sorting sequences or lipoprotein anchor sites. In the present study, we isolated the coding gene of B. microti enolase (BmEno), expressed it within E. coli and purified the recombinant BmEno protein (rBmEno). Consequently, we confirmed cytoplasmic and surface localization of BmEno via immunofluorescence, and demonstrated that rBmEno catalyzes the dehydration of 2-phospho-D-glycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate. Moreover, our results showed that rBmEno binds to human plasminogen, and that the lysine analog ε-aminocaproic acid significantly inhibited this binding. Furthermore plasminogen bound to rBmEno converts to active plasmin. Additionally, actively immunizing mice with rBmEno could evoke a partial protective immunity against B. microti infection following challenge. In conclusion, B. microti enolase is a multifunctional cytoplasmic protein which is also expressed at the parasitic outer surface, facilitates binding to host plasminogen, and could partially protect hosts against parasite infection.

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“…Like other parasites D. immitis manipulates the immune system and various physiological processes of the host for their own benefit [25]. The elimination of significant amounts of surface antigens by the L3 larvae, the presence of proteases that lyse antibodies on the surface of the mf, the masking capacity, the variety of the antistress, detoxifying and antioxidants proteins, and antithrombotic capacity of the adult worms are mechanisms that contribute to the survival of the parasite [6, 26]. However, the cat is a less permissive host, with an intense proinflammatory immune response, which, on the one hand, can be lethal for itself and, on the other hand, impede or limit the survival of the adult worms and the production of mf [3].…”

Section: The Episystem Of Dirofilariasismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Complexity of Zoonotic Filariasis Episystem and Its Consequences: A Multidisciplinary View

Simón

González‐Miguel

Diosdado

et al. 2017

BioMed Research International

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Vector-borne transmitted helminthic zoonosis affects the health and economy of both developing and developed countries. The concept of episystem includes the set of biological, environmental, and epidemiological elements of these diseases in defined geographic and temporal scales. Dirofilariasis caused by different species of the genus Dirofilaria is a disease affecting domestic and wild canines and felines and man, transmitted by different species of culicid mosquitoes. This complexity is increased because Dirofilaria species harbor intracellular symbiont Wolbachia bacteriae, which play a key role in the embryogenesis and development of dirofilariae and in the inflammatory pathology of the disease. In addition, the vector transmission makes the dirofilariasis susceptible to the influence of the climate and its variations. The present review addresses the analysis of dirofilariasis from the point of view of the episystem, analyzing the complex network of interactions established between biological components, climate, and factors related to human activity, as well as the different problems they pose. The progress of knowledge on human and animal dirofilariasis is largely due to the multidisciplinary approach. Nevertheless, different aspects of the disease need to continue being investigated and cooperation between countries and specialists involved should be intensified.

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Plasmin in Parasitic Chronic Infections: Friend or Foe?

Cited by 33 publications

References 72 publications

Expression, purification, and biological characterization of <i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i> enolase

Expression, purification, and biological characterization of <i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i> enolase

Complete Molecular and Immunoprotective Characterization of Babesia microti Enolase

The Complexity of Zoonotic Filariasis Episystem and Its Consequences: A Multidisciplinary View

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