Plasma‐water‐based nitrogen fixation: Status, mechanisms, and opportunities

Huang, Zehuan; Xiao, Ao; Liu, Dawei; Lü, Xinpei; Ostrikov, Kostya Ken

doi:10.1002/ppap.202100198

Cited by 39 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Cold atmospheric pressure plasmas (CAPPs) have been successfully applied in biomedicine, [ 1–3 ] energy conversion, [ 4–6 ] agriculture, [ 7,8 ] insulation materials processing, [ 9,10 ] and some emerging industrial applications. [ 11,12 ] Plasma activated water (PAW), derived from the interaction between CAPPs and liquids (e.g., water or solutions), is a green prospective solution for a wide range of biological applications, from water purification to biomedicine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanosecond‐pulsed microbubble plasma reactor for plasma‐activated water generation and bacterial inactivation

Man

Zhang

Fang

et al. 2022

Plasma Processes & Polymers

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanosecond‐pulsed microbubble plasma reactor for plasma‐activated water generation and bacterial inactivation

Man

Zhang

Fang

et al. 2022

Plasma Processes & Polymers

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“…The following recombination reactions between these atoms can generate NO x and NH 3 normalR normale normalc normalo normalm normalb normali normaln normala normalt normali normalo normaln : normalN + normalO 2 → normalN normalO + normalO normalN 2 + normalO → normalN normalO + normalN normalO + normalN normalO + normalM → normalN normalO 2 + normalM goodbreak0em2em⁣ normalM .25em normali normals .25em normalm normalo normall normale normalc normalu normall normale normalO + normalN normalO 2 + normalM → normalN normalO 3 + normalM normalN + normalH → normalN normalH normalN normalH + normalH → normalN normalH 2 normalN normalH 2 + normalH → normalN normalH 3 …”

Section: Resultsunclassified

Plasma-Activated Mist: Continuous-Flow, Scalable Nitrogen Fixation, and Aeroponics

Wang

Huang

et al. 2023

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Nitrogen fixation underpins diverse biological and industrial processes and is currently one of the leading producers of carbon emissions at a global scale. Radical solutions to decarbonize nitrogen fixation include plasmaelectrified ammonia (NH 3 ) synthesis using water and atmospheric nitrogen. Here, we resolve the intrinsic limitations of the state-of-the-art solutions in (i) energy efficiency; (ii) scalability; (iii) direct use of clean renewable energy; and (iv) direct sustainable application of water-based nitrogen fixation by the novel, scalable plasma-enabled process and system for the continuous-flow, scalable nitrogen fixation, and aeroponics using plasma-activated mist (PAM). The new approach is based on the continuous, scalable, in-flow generation of PAM containing NH 4 + , NO 3 − , NO 2 − , and other nitrogen-fixation species through the reaction of large-area uniform air plasma and high-flux water mist containing large area-to-volume ratio micron-sized droplets. Through the solar-energydriven plasma-assisted oxidation confined within the droplet micro-reactors, a liquid-phase nitrogen fixation product dominated by NO 3 − is produced. This PAM nitrogen fixation system is applied for the continuous delivery of nitrogen-based nutrients directly to the roots of living plants using a custom-designed aeroponic system which increases the leaf emergence rate and leaf area of bean sprouts by more than 30%. The unique energy concentration in droplet microreactors leads to the much increased (from 2 to 39 times) energy efficiency at a larger scale compared to the key types of common lab-scale plasma reactors. Compatibility with direct solar power, flow-reactor chemistry, and electrified processes at industry-relevant scales make this low-cost, low-carbon-footprint, renewable-energy-driven process and system promising for the widespread sustainable and distributed production and applications of plasma-enabled nitrogen fixation.

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“…Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and high-speed imaging are important diagnostic methods for discharge in water [ 20 , 21 ]. Figure 3 shows the diagnostic system of the plasma scalpel, which includes a high-voltage probe and a current probe to measure the electrical properties of the plasma [ 22 , 23 , 24 ], a high-speed camera to observe the vapor formation process, and a spectrometer and an ICCD camera to obtain the optical emissions spectra from the plasma discharge [ 8 ].…”

Section: Physicochemical Characteristics Of Plasma Scalpelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma Scalpels: Devices, Diagnostics, and Applications

Xiao

Liu

He³

et al. 2022

Biomedicines

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The plasma scalpel is an application of gas discharges in electrosurgery. This paper introduces the device structure and physicochemical parameters of the two types of plasma scalpels, namely, a single-electrode Ar discharge device (argon plasma coagulation) and a two-electrode discharge device in normal saline. The diagnostic methods, including the voltage and current characteristics, optical emission spectroscopy, electron spin resonance, and high-speed imaging, are introduced to determine the critical process parameters, such as the plasma power, the gas temperature, the electron density, and the density of active species, and study the ignition dynamics of the plasma discharges in water. The efficacy of the plasma scalpel is mainly based on the physical effects of the electric current and electric field, in addition to the chemical effects of high-density energetic electrons and reactive species. These two effects can be adjusted separately to increase the treatment efficacy of the plasma scalpel. Specific guidance on further improvements of the plasma scalpel devices is also provided.

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Plasma‐water‐based nitrogen fixation: Status, mechanisms, and opportunities

Cited by 39 publications

References 68 publications

Nanosecond‐pulsed microbubble plasma reactor for plasma‐activated water generation and bacterial inactivation

Nanosecond‐pulsed microbubble plasma reactor for plasma‐activated water generation and bacterial inactivation

Plasma-Activated Mist: Continuous-Flow, Scalable Nitrogen Fixation, and Aeroponics

Plasma Scalpels: Devices, Diagnostics, and Applications

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