Plasma, red blood cells phospholipids and clinical evaluation after long chain omega-3 supplementation in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Abstract

Omega-3 and omega-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), are crucial to brain development and function. Increasing evidence indicates that deficiencies or metabolic imbalances of these fatty acids might be associated with childhood developmental and psychiatric disorders including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Omega-3 are often lacking on modern diets. Moreover preliminary evidences suggest that supplementation with omega-3 LCPUFAs, might help in the management of the ADHD linked behavioural and learning difficulties. However, few studies published to date have involved different populations, study designs, treatments and outcome results. Thus, further researches are required to assess the durability of the treatment effects, to determine optimal composition and dosages of the supplement and to develop reliable ways to identify patients that might have some benefits from this kind of treatment, also because the study of LCPUFAs and their metabolism might offer new approaches to the early identification and management of ADHD. In this paper, we provide new insight on the lipid pattern in plasma and red blood cells (RBC) phospholipids, together with evaluation of the arachidonic acid (AA)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratio which seems to correlate with the improvement of the patients both from a biochemical and clinical point of view.

Application of fatty acid and lipid measurements in neuropsychiatry

“…A study based in Italy showed that supplementing ADHD children with fish oil (rich in omega-3 fatty acids) is beneficial for their condition [95]. Both inattention and hyperactivity scores decreased after fish oil supplementation (13.90±4.01 and 15.50±4.41, respectively) compared to the scores before supplementation (19.00±4.20 and 20.00±4.18, respectively).…”

“…Increased ↑, higher levels after supplementation, as compared to baseline, before supplementation/placebo group; Decreased ↓, lower levels after supplementation, as compared to baseline, before supplementation/placebo group [95,96].…”

Mare's Colostrum Globules Stimulate Fibroblast GrowthIn Vitro: A Biochemical Study

“…A standard mixture (Sigma-Aldrich) containing the major fatty acids was injected to identify sample peaks. 41 Proteomic experiments. MFGs were recovered as cream and oil in the supernatant layer and washed three times with 0.9% NaCl, and the associated proteins were extracted as described elsewhere.…”

Analysis of major proteins and fat fractions associated with mare's milk fat globules

“…The methylester fatty acids were obtained with sodium methoxide in methanol, 3.33% w/v, and injected into an Agilent gas-chromatograph (HP 5890, series II plus, Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA), equipped with a flame ionization detector HP 7673 under the following experimental conditions: capillary column AT Silar (Alltech Associates, Deerfield, IL) (5% methyl polysiloxane) length 30 m, id 0.332 mm; film thickness 0.25 lm; gas carrier: helium, flow rate 5 mL/min; temperatures: injector 2508C, detector 2758C, oven 508C for 2 min, rate 108C/min until 2008C for 20 min. A standard mixture (Sigma -Aldrich) containing the major fatty acids was injected to identify sample peaks [25]. The statistical analysis was performed with the ANOVA test.…”