Plasma, oral fluid and sweat wipe ecstasy concentrations in controlled and real life conditions

Samyn, Nele; Boeck, Gert De; Wood, Michelle; Lamers, Caroline T. J.; Waard, Dick de; Brookhuis, Karel; Verstraete, Alain G.; Riedel, Wim J.

doi:10.1016/s0379-0738(02)00157-3

Cited by 87 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The present data suggest that, over time, tolerance to the pharmacologic effects of MDMA takes place and, as such, preclinical studies may not provide the most appropriate model of MDMA use in a recreational setting, in which experienced users may gradually increase their dose of drug. Our results on plasma concentrations of MDMA in 'ecstasy' consumers who had attended a dance party are in line with those contained in reports on individuals who presented to emergency rooms or came to the attention of authorities after ingesting ecstasy (Samyn et al, 2002;Peters et al, 2003;Lora-Tamayo et al, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…In our study we can assume that our samples were unlikely to have been taken at C max , but, even so, three of our subjects had blood levels well in excess of those reported by de la Torre et al (2000). In that study, and other studies, using doses of 75 and 100 mg of MDMA, C max figures of around 200-300 ng/ml were reported (de la Torre et al, 2000;Pacifici et al, 2001;Samyn et al, 2002). Therefore, it is evident that in a recreational setting some individuals achieve much higher blood concentrations of MDMA than those obtained in experiments with volunteers in controlled clinical studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

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Plasma Drug Concentrations and Physiological Measures in ‘Dance Party’ Participants

Irvine

Keane

Felgate

et al. 2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

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The increasing use of (7) 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in the setting of large dance parties ('raves') and clubs has been the source of some concern, because of potential acute adverse events, and because animal studies suggest that MDMA has the potential to damage brain serotonin (5-HT) neurons. However, it is not yet known whether MDMA, as used in the setting of dance parties, leads to plasma levels of MDMA that are associated with toxicity to 5-HT neurons in animals. The present study sought to address this question. Plasma MDMA concentrations, vital signs, and a variety of blood and urine measures were obtained prior to, and hours after, individuals attended a dance party. After the dance party, subjects were without clinical complaints, had measurable amounts of residual MDMA in plasma, and nearly half of the subjects also tested positive for methamphetamine, another amphetamine analog that has been shown to have 5-HT neurotoxic potential in animals. Plasma concentrations of MDMA did not correlate with self-reported use of 'ecstasy' and, in some subjects, overlapped with those that have been associated with 5-HT neurotoxicity in non-human primates. Additional subjects were likely to have had similar concentrations while at the dance party, when one considers the reported time of drug ingestion and the plasma half-life of MDMA in humans. Hematological and biochemical analyses were generally unremarkable. Moderate increases in blood pressure, heart rate and body temperature were observed in the subjects with the highest MDMA plasma concentrations. These findings are consistent with epidemiological findings that most people who use MDMA at dance parties do not develop serious clinical complications, and suggest that some of these individuals may be at risk for developing MDMA-induced toxicity to brain serotonin neurons.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Plasma Drug Concentrations and Physiological Measures in ‘Dance Party’ Participants

Irvine

Keane

Felgate

et al. 2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Published reports (Peters et al, 2003;Lora-Tamayo et al, 2004; also see Samyn et al, 2002) indicate that some recreational 'ecstasy' consumers who come to the attention of authorities have plasma concentrations of MDMA that overlap those seen here, in monkeys that subsequently develop lasting deficits in brain 5-HT neuronal markers. Findings in asymptomatic 'ecstasy' consumers of (Irvine et al, unpublished observations) are in general agreement with those in symptomatic individuals who presented to emergency rooms, or for some reason (eg driving impairment) came to the attention of authorities in the wake of 'ecstasy'/MDMA use.…”

Section: Comparison To Plasma Mdma Concentrations In 'Ecstasy' Consumersmentioning

confidence: 53%

Pharmacokinetic Profile of Single and Repeated Oral Doses of MDMA in Squirrel Monkeys: Relationship to Lasting Effects on Brain Serotonin Neurons

Mechan

Yuan

Hatzidimitriou

et al. 2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

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A large body of data indicates that (7)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') can damage brain serotonin neurons in animals. However, the relevance of these preclinical data to humans is uncertain, because doses and routes of administration used in animals have generally differed from those used by humans. Here, we examined the pharmacokinetic profile of MDMA in squirrel monkeys after different routes of administration, and explored the relationship between acute plasma MDMA concentrations after repeated oral dosing and subsequent brain serotonin deficits. Oral MDMA administration engendered a plasma profile of MDMA in squirrel monkeys resembling that seen in humans, although the half-life of MDMA in monkeys is shorter (3 vs 6-9 h). MDMA was biotransformed into MDA, and the plasma ratio of MDA to MDMA was 3-5/100, similar to that in humans. MDMA accumulation in squirrel monkeys was nonlinear, and plasma levels were highly correlated with regional brain serotonin deficits observed 2 weeks later. The present results indicate that plasma concentrations of MDMA shown here to produce lasting serotonergic deficits in squirrel monkeys overlap those reported by other laboratories in some recreational 'ecstasy' consumers, and are two to three times higher than those found in humans administered a single 100-150 mg dose of MDMA in a controlled setting. Additional studies are needed on the relative sensitivity of brain serotonin neurons to MDMA toxicity in humans and non-human primates, the pharmacokinetic parameter(s) of MDMA most closely linked to the neurotoxic process, and metabolites other than MDA that may play a role.

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“…2,100 Foram relatados usos de fluido oral para análises de derivados anfetamínicos utilizando EFS, seguido de CL/EM/EM, com analisadores de massas do tipo quadrupolo e tempo de voo [100][101][102] utilizando CLAE com detector fluorescente (DF) 103 e CG/EM.…”

Section: Fluido Oralunclassified

Designer drugs: aspectos analíticos e biológicos

Bulcão¹,

Garcia²,

Limberger³

et al. 2012

Quím. Nova

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Recebido em 17/12/10; aceito em 12/7/11; publicado na web em 2/9/11 DESIGNER DRUGS: ANALYTICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS. In the recent years, analytical toxicologists have been facing difficulties in detecting designer drugs due to the chemical modifications on the existing structures and the speed in which they are released into the market, requiring the development and improvement of specific and appropriate analytical methods. This work is a review of the literature which summarizes the characteristics of the drugs and the analytical validated methods using conventional and unconventional matrices currently used for correct identification and quantification of the following classes of emerging drugs of abuse: derivatives of opiates, amphetamines, tryptamines, piperazines and cannabinoids.Keywords: biological matrices; drug abuse; toxicology. INTRODUÇÃOAs chamadas designer drugs (drogas planejadas, ou seja, aná-logos estruturais) estão entre as drogas de abuso mais utilizadas no Ocidente. Seus efeitos psicotrópicos específicos, que fundamentam sua utilização como drogas de abuso, são descritos como capacidade aumentada da comunicabilidade, empatia e autoconhecimento, o que distingue esta classe de compostos das substâncias estimulantes e alucinógenas propriamente ditas, que produzem estados de euforia e agitação e, alucinações visuais e auditivas, respectivamente. 1,2A utilização de substâncias psicoativas é antiga na história da civilização, as primeiras experiências humanas ocorreram por meio do consumo de plantas. A partir do século XIX, o homem isolou princípios ativos vegetais como morfina, cocaína e efedrina. Porém, foi no final do século passado, com o surgimento das anfetaminas, que uma substância psicoativa foi totalmente sintetizada em laboratório. Com o aparecimento das drogas sintéticas, nos anos 80, ocorreu a popularização das designer drugs. Essas drogas têm como característica essencial o fato de terem sido modificadas em laboratório, com o intuito de potencializar ou criar efeitos psicoativos ou evitar efeitos indesejáveis, além de burlar a legislação vigente. Além disto, a disponibilidade e a diminuição do custo tecnológico permitem que tais drogas sejam sintetizadas com facilidade em laboratórios clandestinos domésticos. [3][4][5] Nos anos 90, com a popularização da internet, houve uma enorme divulgação e distribuição das designer drugs. 5,6 Entretanto, foi na primeira década do século XXI que o número de novos usuários de substâncias ilícitas aumentou de forma significativa, com relatos da apreensão de diversas designer drugs em todo o mundo. 7,8As designer drugs mais utilizadas são os compostos anfetamíni-cos, tais como 3,4-metileno-dioxi-anfetamina (MDA), 3,4-metilenodioxi-metanfetamina (MDMA, ecstasy), p-metoxi-anfetamina (PMA) e p-metoxi-metanfetamina (PMMA). No Brasil, o uso recreacional tem sido constatado em vários pacientes que buscam tratamento nas clínicas de reabilitação, além de apreensões destas drogas, sendo, portanto, de grande relevância sua correta identificação e/ou quantific...

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Plasma, oral fluid and sweat wipe ecstasy concentrations in controlled and real life conditions

Cited by 87 publications

References 8 publications

Plasma Drug Concentrations and Physiological Measures in ‘Dance Party’ Participants

Plasma Drug Concentrations and Physiological Measures in ‘Dance Party’ Participants

Pharmacokinetic Profile of Single and Repeated Oral Doses of MDMA in Squirrel Monkeys: Relationship to Lasting Effects on Brain Serotonin Neurons

Designer drugs: aspectos analíticos e biológicos

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