Plasma IL-6 levels during arm exercise in persons with spinal cord injury

Umemoto, Yasunori; Furusawa, Kazunari; Kouda, Ken; Sasaki, Yusuke; Kanno, Nami; Kojima, Daisuke; Tajima, Fumihiro

doi:10.1038/sc.2011.74

Cited by 27 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…The production and release of IL-6 is regulated by a synergy of signaling pathways responsive to mechanical stimuli, intramuscular calcium concentrations, muscle glycogen stores, and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) [3,12,21]. In support of previous findings, 30 min of moderate intensity upper-limb exercise alone resulted in a significant increase in SNS-mediated plasma adrenaline concentrations [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Despite this SNS response, the 0.5-fold increase in plasma IL-6 observed during HC was smaller than the IL-6 response previously reported by Kouda et al in a group of non-spinal injured controls during 20 min arm-crank ergometry at the same relative intensity [9].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

“…In non-SCI and thoracic level SCI groups, elevations in plasma IL-6 concentrations have been observed following moderate intensity, submaximal arm-crank ergometry [9][10]; wheelchair basketball performance [11]; and maximal, treadmill-based wheelchair propulsion [12]. To date, the anti-inflammatory cytokine response to upper-limb exercise remains unclear [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is unknown whether the deterioration in skeletal muscle size [19] and alterations in skeletal muscle metabolism [20] observed following lower-limb paralysis will affect the release of IL-6 and the subsequent anti-inflammatory cascade. Similarly, it is unknown whether involuntary FES-evoked contractions can activate intracellular signaling mechanisms responsible for the production and release of the myokine IL-6 during acute exercise [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inflammation-mediating cytokine response to acute handcycling exercise with/without functional electrical stimulation-evoked lower-limb cycling

Paulson

Bishop²,

Smith³

et al. 2014

J Rehabil Res Dev

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Abstract-This feasibility study compared the plasma inflammation-mediating cytokine response to an acute bout of handcycling (HC) with and without the addition of functional electrical stimulation (FES)-evoked lower-limb cycling. On two separate occasions, five recreationally active, communitybased participants with motor complete paraplegia (thoracic 5-7) performed 30 min HC and hybrid exercise (HYB) at a fixed power output. Venous blood samples were collected at rest, immediately postexercise, 1 h postexercise (post+1) and 2 h postexercise (post+2). Plasma interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), adrenaline, and cortisol concentrations were determined via enzyme-linked immunoassay. Plasma IL-6 concentrations were significantly (p < 0.04) elevated (~2.5-fold) at post+1 and post+2 in HYB only. A small (0.5-fold), nonsignificant (p > 0.05) increase in IL-6 was observed at post+1 in HC, with concentrations significantly higher in HYB at post+2 (p < 0.02). Plasma IL-1ra was unaffected in both trials. Although not reaching statistical significance (p = 0.15), a ~1-fold increase in IL-10 concentration was seen in HYB at post+2. In contrast, increases in adrenaline (p < 0.04) and cortisol (p = 0.08) were observed immediately postexercise in HC and HYB. Initial findings suggest paralyzed skeletal muscle releases IL-6 in response to FES-evoked contractions. HYB may provide a greater anti-inflammatory potential in individuals with a thoracic spinal cord injury compared with HC alone.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inflammation-mediating cytokine response to acute handcycling exercise with/without functional electrical stimulation-evoked lower-limb cycling

Paulson

Bishop²,

Smith³

et al. 2014

J Rehabil Res Dev

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“…interleukins-6 and blood flow to the exercising muscles). 49,50 This study has some potential limitations. First, our findings are limited to individuals with complete thoracic lesions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulating angiogenic biomolecules at rest and in response to upper-limb exercise in individuals with spinal cord injury

Vasiliadis

Zafeiridis

Δίπλα

et al. 2013

The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine

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Objective: Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) show structural and functional vascular maladaptations and muscle loss in their lower limbs. Angiogenic biomolecules play important roles in physiological and pathological angiogenesis, and are implicated in the maintenance of muscle mass. This study examined the responses of angiogenic molecules during upper-limb aerobic exercise in patients with SCI and in able-bodied (AB) individuals. Methods: Eight SCI patients with thoracic lesions (T 6 -T 12 , ASIA A) and eight AB individuals performed an armcranking exercise for 30 minutes at 60% of their VO 2max . Plasma concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A 165 ), VEGF receptor 1 (sVEGFr-1), VEGF receptor 2 (sVEGFr-2), metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), and endostatin were measured at rest, after exercise, and at 1.5 and 3.0 hours during recovery. Results: The two-way analysis of variance showed non-significant main effects of "group" and significant main effects of "time/exercise" for all angiogenic biomolecules examined (P < 0.01-0.001). The arm-cranking exercise significantly increased plasma concentrations of VEGF, sVEGFr-1, sVEGFr-2, MMP-2, and endostatin in both groups (P < 0.001-0.01). The magnitude of the increase was similar in both patients with SCI and AB individuals, as shown by the non-significant group × time interaction for all angiogenic parameters. Conclusions: Upper-limb exercise (arm-cranking for 30 minutes at 60% of VO 2max ) is a sufficient stimulus to trigger a coordinated circulating angiogenic response in patients with SCI. The response of angiogenic molecules to upper-limb aerobic exercise in SCI appears relatively similar to that observed in AB individuals.

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“…Interestingly, Umemoto et al 3 reported previously in a study of SCI individuals that 2-h arm crank ergometer exercise at 60% of maximum oxygen consumption (VO 2 max) significantly increased plasma IL-6 but not plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF). In addition, Sasaki et al 4 demonstrated that wheelchair full and half marathon race in SCI athletes increased IL-6 but not TNF-a.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevation of interleukin-6 and attenuation of tumor necrosis factor-α during wheelchair half marathon in athletes with cervical spinal cord injuries

et al. 2014

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Study design: Nonrandomized study. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of long and intensive exercise on interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) in athletes with cervical spinal cord injuries (CSCI). Setting: The 30th Oita International Wheelchair Marathon Race. Methods: Blood samples from six athletes with CSCI and eight athletes with thoracic and lumber spinal cord injuries (SCI) participating in wheelchair half marathon race were collected before the race, immediately after the race and 2 h after the race. IL-6, TNF-a, adrenaline and blood cell counts were measured. Results: Monocyte count remained stable throughout the study in the CSCI group but was significantly high at 2 h after the race in the SCI group. Plasma IL-6 concentrations were significantly elevated immediately after the race in both groups, although the levels in CSCI were significantly lower than in the SCI group. Plasma adrenaline was significantly elevated immediately after the race in the SCI group but recovered at 2 h after the race. In contrast, plasma adrenaline did not change in the CSCI group throughout the study and was significantly lower than in the SCI group. Plasma TNF-a did not change throughout the study in the SCI group compared with a significant decrease at 2 h after the race in the CSCI group. Conclusion: Long and intensive exercise increased IL-6 in the CSCI group despite the small muscle mass and lack of sympathetic nervous system. The post-race fall in plasma TNF-a in the CSCI group could be related to the inhibitory effect of rising IL-6 in the presence of normal monocyte count and stable adrenaline level.

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Plasma IL-6 levels during arm exercise in persons with spinal cord injury

Cited by 27 publications

References 19 publications

Inflammation-mediating cytokine response to acute handcycling exercise with/without functional electrical stimulation-evoked lower-limb cycling

Inflammation-mediating cytokine response to acute handcycling exercise with/without functional electrical stimulation-evoked lower-limb cycling

Circulating angiogenic biomolecules at rest and in response to upper-limb exercise in individuals with spinal cord injury

Elevation of interleukin-6 and attenuation of tumor necrosis factor-α during wheelchair half marathon in athletes with cervical spinal cord injuries

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