Plasma formation in water by picosecond and nanosecond Nd:YAG laser pulses. I. Optical breakdown at threshold and superthreshold irradiance

Vogel, Alfred; Nahen, Kester; Theisen, Dirk; Noack, Joachim

doi:10.1109/2944.577307

Cited by 251 publications

(251 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…This oscillation transfers the kinetic energy associated with the bubble to intense shear, shock wave emissions, adiabatic heating and evaporation of the liquid at the focal volume. Experimentally upon the observation of the cavitation bubble it is predicted that the optical breakdown has occurred 14,15 . From the theoretical point of view, optical breakdown is achieved only when the free electron density number reaches the critical density number ~10 21 cm -3 .…”

Section: Figure 2 (A) Fsrs Signals At Different Input Energies (B) mentioning

confidence: 99%

Onset of ice VII phase during ps laser pulse propagation through liquid water

Kumar¹,

Kiran²

2017

AIP Conference Proceedings

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The behavior of iron under ultrafast shock loading driven by a femtosecond laser AIP Conference Proceedings 1793, 100035 (2017) Abstract. Water dominantly present in liquid state on earth gets transformed to crystalline polymorphs under different dynamic loading conditions. Out of different crystalline phases discovered till date, ice VII is observed to be stable over wide pressure (2-63 GPa) and temperature (>273 K) ranges. The formation of ice VII crystalline structure has been vastly reported during high pressure static compression using diamond anvil cell and propagation of high energy (>50 mJ/pulse) nanosecond laser pulse induced dynamic high pressures through liquid water. We present the onset of ice VII phase at low threshold of 2 mJ/pulse during 30 ps (532 nm, 10 Hz) laser pulse induced shock propagating through liquid water.Role of input pulse energy on the evolution of Stoke's and anti-Stoke's Raman shift of the dominant A 1g mode of ice VII, filamentation, free-electrons, plasma shielding is presented. The H-bond network rearrangement, electron ion energy transfer time coinciding with the excitation pulse duration supported by the filamentation and plasma shielding of the ps laser pulses reduced the threshold of ice VII structure formation. Filamentation and the plasma shielding have shown the localized creation and sustenance of ice VII structure in liquid water over 3 mm length and 50 m area of cross-section.

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Section: Figure 2 (A) Fsrs Signals At Different Input Energies (B) mentioning

confidence: 99%

Onset of ice VII phase during ps laser pulse propagation through liquid water

Kumar¹,

Kiran²

2017

AIP Conference Proceedings

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“…When an electron absorbs three photons simultaneously, the electron crosses the bandgap, becoming a free electron called a seed electron. Since the ionization requires the simultaneous absorption of multiple photons, this process is called multiphoton ionization [32][33][34][35]. In order for multiphoton ionization to take place, an extremely large number of photons (provided by a high power short pulse duration laser) are needed; the greater the number of photons, the higher the probability of simultaneous photon absorption.…”

Section: Ultrashort Pulse Laser Ablationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Advent of Laser Therapies in Dermatology and Urology: Underlying Mechanisms, Recent Trends and Future Directions

Lee

Jeong

Chan³

2009

Journal of the Optical Society of Korea

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Following their applications in cardiology, ophthalmology and dentistry among others, the advent of lasers in dermatology and urology had become the success story of the past decade. Laser-assisted treatments in dermatology and urology are mainly based on the laser-induced tissue injury/coagulation and/or ablation, depending upon the desirable clinical endpoint. In this review, we discussed the underlying mechanisms of the laser induced tissue ablation. In any medical laser application, the controlled thermal injury and coagulation, and the extent of ablation, if required, are critical. The laser thermal mechanism of injury is intricately related to the selective absorption of light and its exposure duration, similarly to the laser induced ablation. The laser ablation mechanisms were categorized into four different categories (the photo-thermally induced ablation, the photo-mechanically induced ablation, the plasma induced ablation and the photoablation) and their fundamentals are herein described. The brief history of laser treatment modality in dermatology and urology are summarized.

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“…13,14 This is consistent with experimental studies demonstrating that the high energies/irradiances required to initiate optical breakdown using nanosecond pulses inevitably generates vigorous avalanche ionization leading to the formation of a highly ionized plasma. 5,15 Interestingly, even though the mechanism is uncertain, reports have documented the effective use of subnanosecond pulses, delivered at low numerical aperture and scanned over large areas, to provide cell lysis and molecular delivery with high throughput and precision. 12,16 To understand the processes underlying the biomedical applications of optical breakdown, several groups have investigated plasma formation and bubble dynamics in deionized (DI) water to examine the mechanism, energetics, and dynamics of laser-induced plasma formation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12,16 To understand the processes underlying the biomedical applications of optical breakdown, several groups have investigated plasma formation and bubble dynamics in deionized (DI) water to examine the mechanism, energetics, and dynamics of laser-induced plasma formation. 15,17,18 The underlying presumption has been that plasma formation in DI water is substantially equivalent to that in aqueous biological media which may contain salts, amino acids, and/or exogenous dyes. While a few studies have examined the impact of aqueous media composition on optical breakdown, [19][20][21] no study has systematically examined the characteristics of optical breakdown in media formulations used for cell culture or demonstrated precise cellular manipulation using sub-nanosecond pulses.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Low-density plasma formation in aqueous biological media using sub-nanosecond laser pulses

Genc

Venugopalan

2014

Applied Physics Letters

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We demonstrate the formation of low-and high-density plasmas in aqueous media using sub-nanosecond laser pulses delivered at low numerical aperture (NA ¼ 0.25). We observe two distinct regimes of plasma formation in deionized water, phosphate buffered saline, Minimum Essential Medium (MEM), and MEM supplemented with phenol red. Optical breakdown is first initiated in a low-energy regime and characterized by bubble formation without plasma luminescence with threshold pulse energies in the range of E p % 4-5 lJ, depending on media formulation. The onset of this regime occurs over a very narrow interval of pulse energies and produces small bubbles (R max ¼ 2-20 lm) due to a tiny conversion (g < 0.01%) of laser energy to bubble energy E B . The lack of visible plasma luminescence, sharp energy onset, and low bubble energy conversion are all hallmarks of low-density plasma (LDP) formation. At higher pulse energies (E p ¼ 11-20 lJ), the process transitions to a second regime characterized by plasma luminescence and large bubble formation. Bubbles formed in this regime are 1-2 orders of magnitude larger in size ðR max տ 100 lmÞ due to a roughly two-order-of-magnitude increase in bubble energy conversion (g տ 3%). These characteristics are consistent with high-density plasma formation produced by avalanche ionization and thermal runaway. Additionally, we show that supplementation of MEM with fetal bovine serum (FBS) limits optical breakdown to this high-energy regime. The ability to produce LDPs using sub-nanosecond pulses focused at low NA in a variety of cell culture media formulations without FBS can provide for cellular manipulation at high throughput with precision approaching that of femtosecond pulses delivered at high NA. V C 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.

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Plasma formation in water by picosecond and nanosecond Nd:YAG laser pulses. I. Optical breakdown at threshold and superthreshold irradiance

Cited by 251 publications

References 36 publications

Onset of ice VII phase during ps laser pulse propagation through liquid water

Onset of ice VII phase during ps laser pulse propagation through liquid water

The Advent of Laser Therapies in Dermatology and Urology: Underlying Mechanisms, Recent Trends and Future Directions

Low-density plasma formation in aqueous biological media using sub-nanosecond laser pulses

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