Plasma Electrochemistry: Development of a Reference Electrode Material for High Temperature Plasma

Fowowe, Toks; Hadzifejzovic, Emina; Hu, Jing; Foord, John S.; Caruana, Daren J.

doi:10.1002/adma.201202411

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Therefore there can be significant differences between classical electrochemical reactions and plasma chemical reactions. There is a growing field of plasma electrochemistry for plasma-solid interfaces to account for these differences [235,236]. For example, in an argon plasma over a water surface direct electrolysis reactions such as 2H + + 2e − → H 2(g) can be significant [237].…”

Section: Plasma Electrochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma–liquid interactions: a review and roadmap

Bruggeman

Kushner

Locke

et al. 2016

Plasma Sources Sci. Technol.

1,241

885

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Plasma-liquid interactions represent a growing interdisciplinary area of research involving plasma science, fluid dynamics, heat and mass transfer, photolysis, multiphase chemistry and aerosol science. This review provides an assessment of the state-of-the-art of this multidisciplinary area and identifies the key research challenges. The developments in diagnostics, modeling and further extensions of cross section and reaction rate databases that are necessary to address these challenges are discussed. The review focusses on nonequilibrium plasmas.

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Section: Plasma Electrochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma–liquid interactions: a review and roadmap

Bruggeman

Kushner

Locke

et al. 2016

Plasma Sources Sci. Technol.

1,241

885

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“…[9][10] To ameliorate these problems, developments of new advanced electrode materials recently garnered materials scientists' interests. [11][12][13] Two-dimensional (2D) materials have captured a great deal of attention as electrode materials due to their large surface-to-volume ratio, which facilitates fast ion load and large ion occupation. Some experimental and computational reports on the capacity of graphene were notable as they predicted that graphene can exhibit high storage capacity, cyclic stability and superior rate capacity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MX (M = Ge, Sn; X = S, Se) sheets: theoretical prediction of new promising electrode materials for Li ion batteries

Zhou

2016

J. Mater. Chem. A

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Exploring a new electrode material is one of the key solutions to the development of lithium ion battery. In this work, we, via density functional theory calculations, explored the interaction of Li with recently synthesized two-dimensional structures, MX (M=Ge, Sn; X=S, Se) sheets. Our studies revealed following results: (1) Li atom can spontaneously and rapidly load to MX sheets, and finally form a stable configuration with the adsorption energies of -1.82, -1.70, -1.76, -1.86 eV for GeS, GeSe, SnS, SnSe sheets, respectively; (2) Activation barriers of Li atom along zigzag direction are about 0.19, 0.26, 0.30, 0.36 eV for GeS, GeSe, SnS, SnSe sheets, respectively, which can be activated at room temperature; (3) At relatively large content, MX sheets still can hold Li atoms strongly with very low adsorption energies, providing an effective ensurence of thermodynamic stability of the electrode materials; (4) The results reveal remarkable average voltages, which are about 1.98, 2.12, 2.69, 2.22 V for GeS, GeSe, SnS, SnSe sheets, respectively; (5) Calculated capacities are about 307, 230, 147, 191 mAh/g for GeS, GeSe, SnS, SnSe sheets, respectively, still larger than those of conventional electrode materials. (6) After lithiation, a semiconductor-to-conductor transition was observed, facilitating the electron movement in MX sheets. All of these properties successfully disclose that MX (M=Ge, Sn; X=S, Se) sheets are potential electrode materials expected to be applied in high-performance lithium ion battery. * Introduction Driven by the enormous demand of modern society, energy storage technology attracts great attentions. 1-4 As one of the most important energy storage technologies, lithium ion battery has been the subject of intense investigations. [5][6][7][8] Owning to the great potential for applications, such as portable electronics, electric vehicle and grid storage, lithium ion battery was fast commercialized. Nevertheless, the application of lithium ion battery was also hindered by the requirement of modern society that needs it with good cycling performance, high storage capacity, high energy density, safety and low cost of production. 9-10 To ameliorate these problems, developments of new advanced electrode materials recently garnered materials scientists' interests. [11][12][13] Two-dimensional (2D) materials have captured a great deal of attention as electrode materials due to their large surface-to-volume ratio, which facilitates fast ion load and large ion occupation. Some experimental and computational reports on the capacity of graphene were notable as they predicted that graphene can exhibit high storage capacity, cyclic stability and superior rate capacity. 14-19 Meanwhile, other 2D materials, such as transition-metal dichalcogenides (MX 2 ), 20-24 transition-metal carbides and carbonitrides (MXenes), 25-29 silicence, 30-33 graphdiyne 34-36 and MnO 2 monolayer, 37 have been studied. These novel 2D structures also displayed remarkable storage capacity, cyclic stability and rate capacity. 20-37 Alth...

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“…An oxygen ion conducting material, yttria-stabilised zirconia (YSZ), was selected following extensive assessment of several similarly conducting materials. 23 The ceramic tube supported YSZ reference electrode enabled an extension of the potential window to 10 V, black and red traces in Fig. 2.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma electrochemistry: voltammetry in a flame plasma electrolyte

Elahi

Caruana

2013

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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In this paper we present detailed dynamic electrochemical measurements in a flame plasma electrolyte in the presence of tungsten oxide salts. Defined reproducible redox processes are measured using conventional cyclic voltammetry in an operational potential window between 1 and -9 V. This wide potential window is possible due to the absence of solvent and its associated limits due to solvent electrolysis at high over potentials. The measurements were enabled through the development of a new reference electrode, composed of yttria stabilised zirconia (YSZ) which maintains a stable potential at 1100 K. In this paper we focus on developing a phenomenological understanding of electron transfer at the solid-gas interface, using cyclic voltammetry. The effect of working electrode surface area and material, as well as potential scan rate on the voltammetric redox features is presented. We discuss the physical origin of the observed Faradaic current peaks measured in a flame plasma electrolyte, and propose a simple model to describe the redox processes occurring. We conclude that redox processes at the solid-gas interface are actually similar to the analogous processes at the solid-liquid interface described by conventional electrochemical theory; the departures are mainly due to the mass transport processes that dominate in the gas phase. We associate migration effects with the total absence of any oxidation processes.

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Plasma Electrochemistry: Development of a Reference Electrode Material for High Temperature Plasma

Cited by 11 publications

References 38 publications

Plasma–liquid interactions: a review and roadmap

Plasma–liquid interactions: a review and roadmap

MX (M = Ge, Sn; X = S, Se) sheets: theoretical prediction of new promising electrode materials for Li ion batteries

Plasma electrochemistry: voltammetry in a flame plasma electrolyte

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