Plasma cytokines do not reflect expression of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokine mRNA at organ level after cardiopulmonary bypass in neonatal pigs*

Abstract

Plasma cytokines do not reflect expression of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokine mRNA at organ level after cardiopulmonary bypass in neonatal pigs.Brix-Christensen, V.; Vestergaard, C.; Chew, Michelle; Johnsen, C. K.; Andersen, S. K.; Dreyer, K.; Hjortdal, V. E.; Ravn, H. B.; TØnnesen, E.

Does brain death induce a pro‐inflammatory response at the organ level in a porcine model?

“…This is, in our opinion, a marked under‐resuscitation, because the animals are expected to develop polyuria due to diabetes insipidus in response to brain death. In addition, the animals underwent sternotomy, which in itself has been shown to up‐regulate cytokine mRNA in kidney, lung, and heart tissue (17), and might accentuate the inflammatory response to brain death or hypovolemia.…”

“…The thermal cycling conditions were set to 95 °C for 2 min, 30 cycles of 95 °C for 30 s, 55 °C for 45 s, and 72 °C for 45 s, followed by 72 °C for 10 min. The porcine primers for HRPT, TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐10 used are reported previously (17). The results were visualized on 1% agarose gels using SyBr‐green (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA), and cytokine/HRPT ration was obtained using Kodak 1 D image analysis software (Kodak, Rochester, NY, USA).…”

Procedure‐induced Inflammation and Endothelial Cell Activation in an Artificially Ventilated and Circulated Porcine Double‐Lung Model

“…Large variability in cytokine plasma levels during extracorporeal circulation has been reported in human as well as in porcine experiments (10,11), although the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1, and TNF-a are increased in most studies. IL-6 has been shown to be correlated to morbidity, for example, circulatory instability, after CPB (12).…”

Methylprednisolone Fails to Preserve Pulmonary Surfactant and Blood–Air Barrier Integrity in a Porcine Cardiopulmonary Bypass Model

“…The lungs, like the heart [7,24], are a source of cytokine generation [3,34] and are largely exposed to systemic circulating cytokines resulting from cardiac surgery with CPB [6,7]. Although controversial results have been reported about pulmonary TNF-␣ synthesis after CPB [3,8,35], TNF-␣ may directly increase pulmonary vascular permeability [18,36] and inhibit surfactant synthesis of AEII cells via the CDP-choline pathway [19]. Nevertheless, the present study shows that the impaired lung function and loss of structural integrity cannot be attributed to systemic and intrapulmonary TNF-␣ increases alone and is not improved by methylprednisolone treatment.…”