Plasma Cytokine Profiles in Preprotachykinin-A Knockout Mice Subjected to Polymicrobial Sepsis

Abstract

During the course of polymicrobial sepsis, a range of pro-and antiinflammatory cytokines are produced by the host immune system. Successful recovery from sepsis involves striking a balance between these counteracting cytokines. We herein investigated the circulating cytokine profiles in preprotachykinin-A knockout (PPTA -/-) mice, which have been found to be protected significantly against microbial sepsis, by employing multiplexed bead-based suspension arrays for the measurement of 18 plasma cytokines. Four sets of PPTA -/-and wild-type mice, each with six mice, were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis or a sham procedure and were killed at 1, 5, 8 and 24 h post surgery. The cytokine profiles revealed, rather interestingly, that both pro-and antiinflammatory cytokines were elevated in the knockout group in response to a septic challenge. The higher systemic levels of both pro-and antiinflammatory cytokines in PPTA -/-septic mice was similar to the increase that we observed earlier in lung tissue of PPTA -/-mice after induction of sepsis. Thus, elevated levels of both pro-and antiinflammatory mediators may act simultaneously and help to resolve the infectious assault at the early stages of sepsis without excessively damaging the host tissue in PPTA -/-mice. In addition, our results underline the importance of comprehensive clinical analysis of multiple biomarkers to provide a better prognostic tool.

Role of Rutin on Nitric Oxide Synthesis in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

“…The sensitivity of the assay (limit of detection) was 1 pg/mL/cytokine [24]. Following incubation with antibody-conjugated beads, detection antibodies, and streptavidin-phycoerythrin (SA-PE) complexes, samples were analyzed with Luminex 100 instrument (Luminex Corporation).…”

“…TGF β 1, bFGF, and VEGF protein levels of the cultured HUVEC were obtained using Procarta cytokine kit in 96-well plate ELISA-based formats according to manufacturer's instructions. The sensitivity of the assay (limit of detection) was 1 pg/mL/cytokine [ 24 ]. Following incubation with antibody-conjugated beads, detection antibodies, and streptavidin-phycoerythrin (SA-PE) complexes, samples were analyzed with Luminex 100 instrument (Luminex Corporation).…”

The Spleen: The Forgotten Organ in Acute Kidney Injury of Critical Illness

“…Upon bacterial sequestration by phagocytes, tissue expression of proinflammatory cytokines ensues [interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-12] and elevated plasma levels are detected within hours [8, 9]. Given the importance of the reticuloendothelial system in bacterial engulfment, large amounts of cytokine are produced in these tissues, with peak TNF-α mRNA expression occurring around 3 h after septic surgery or lipopolysaccharide injection in mice [10].…”

Immunomodulating Effects of the Purified Hev B 13 Fraction on Septic Rats

“…Sepsis is a severe form of systemic inflammatory reaction, usually caused by bacterial infections leading to an uncontrolled increase in the inflammatory response 7 . In this sense, the Hev b 13 fraction was administered in septic rats and its immunomodulatory effects evaluated in this study.…”