Plasma catecholamine and corticosterone as well as brain catecholamine changes during coping in rats exposed to stressful footshock

Swenson, Richard M.; Vogel, Wolfgang

doi:10.1016/0091-3057(83)90007-2

Cited by 102 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…For example, an animal receiving a shock at regular intervals or after a warning tone may have normal cortisol levels at the end of an experiment; in contrast, an animal receiving the same quantity of shock will experience rising cortisol levels as the timing of the shocks becomes more and more unpredictable, reaching a maximum when the timing becomes random (Levine et al 1989). Animals can have a similarly elevated HPA response when exposed to situations of novelty (Erikson et al 2003) or uncontrollability (Swenson & Vogel 1983;Breier et al 1987). Uncertainty, novelty and uncontrollability can perhaps be reduced to a common denominator of uncertainty; all three describe a situation in which an animal finds it increasingly difficult to predict what may happen and what actions will be required.…”

Section: Steroid Hormones and Risk-taking (A) Testosterone And Risk-tmentioning

confidence: 99%

From molecule to market: steroid hormones and financial risk-taking

Coates

Gurnell

Sarnyai

2010

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

105

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Little is known about the role of the endocrine system in financial decision-making. Here, we survey research on steroid hormones and their cognitive effects, and examine potential links to trader performance in the financial markets. Preliminary findings suggest that cortisol codes for risk and testosterone for reward. A key finding of this endocrine research is the different cognitive effects of acute versus chronic exposure to hormones: acutely elevated steroids may optimize performance on a range of tasks; but chronically elevated steroids may promote irrational risk-reward choices. We present a hypothesis suggesting that the irrational exuberance and pessimism observed during market bubbles and crashes may be mediated by steroid hormones. If hormones can exaggerate market moves, then perhaps the age and sex composition among traders and asset managers may affect the level of instability witnessed in the financial markets.

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Section: Steroid Hormones and Risk-taking (A) Testosterone And Risk-tmentioning

confidence: 99%

From molecule to market: steroid hormones and financial risk-taking

Coates

Gurnell

Sarnyai

2010

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

105

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“…Norepinephrine and epinephrine in the peripheral blood have been reported to originate from the neurosympathetic and adrenomedullary outflow, respectively, whereas the plasma corticosterone concentrations serve as an indicator of the pituitary-adrenocortical activity in rats [36,37]. Other studies have indicated that sympathetic nervous activity, with respect to norepinephrine, is principally related to skeletal muscle exertion, whereas adrenomedullary and pituitary-adrenocortical alteration is closely related to the emotional stress characterized by a loss of coping capabilities [38,39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of a Switch-Off Response Accompanied by Hypothalamically Induced Restlessness on Immunoendocrinological Changes in Cats

Sumida¹,

Kaname²,

Mori³

et al. 2004

Neuroimmunomodulation

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Electrical stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus in cats elicits a behavior called restlessness. When a switch is available for the cats to shut off the electrical stimulation, the cats learn to turn off the stimulation (switch-off response; SOR). In this study, we examined the relationship between the SOR and immunoendocrinological alterations. First of all, an escapable stimulation, in which cats could turn off the stimulation, was applied (escapable condition; EC). One month later, inescapable stimulation was delivered under the same conditions except for the fact that the cats could not turn off the stimulation (inescapable condition; IC). A behavioral analysis revealed that unstable patterns of behavior and a reduction in motor activity were observed in IC compared with those in EC. Furthermore, no significant changes in peripheral leukocytes were observed, while plasma epinephrine and cortisol transiently increased after the series of stimulations, but immediately decreased after the end of the stimulation in EC. On the other hand, there was a greater and prolonged increase in the number of peripheral granulocytes and the plasma levels of epinephrine and cortisol from 1 to 2 h after the stimulation until the end of the experiment in IC. Regarding the number of peripheral lymphocytes, CD4+ or CD8+ lymphocytes and the CD4+ to CD8+ ratio, no significant differences were found between EC and IC. These results suggest that the inability to escape from the aversive stimulation caused a decrease in movement and a prolonged alteration of the immune and endocrine systems, as is often observed in learned helplessness.

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“…In carefully controlled experiments, it was shown that the uncontrollable condition is characterized by the release of adrenaline (de Boer et al 1990). Using controllable and yoked uncontrollable foot shocks in rats, Swenson and Vogel concluded already in 1983 that a delayed recovery of the corticosterone response and the release of adrenaline characterize an uncontrollable aversive situation (Swenson and Vogel 1983). A graphic presentation of their original data is given in Fig.…”

Section: Controllability Predictabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Animals were either exposed to a situation in which they could switch off the shock (controllable) or a yoked control condition in which they received exactly the same amount of shocks as the controllable condition without having any control over it. The full control group did not receive any shocks (Swenson and Vogel 1983) Comprehensive Guide to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-08613-2_83-1 # Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 Regarding predictability, it is important to notice that natural selection has sculpted physiology and behavior to meet the most likely environmental demands plus a modest safety margin. Thus, a physiological response is not only an attempt to defend a set point but rather a response to some prediction.…”

Section: Controllability Predictabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Does the Current Concept of Stress Explain PTSD

Koolhaas

Boer

2015

Comprehensive Guide to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

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Understanding the etiology of stress-related diseases such as PTSD requires a more fundamental understanding of stress. Since individuals may differ strongly in their response to a stressor, it is argued that stress includes not only the stimulus and the response but also the individual appraisal of the situation. This chapter discusses the stress concept, how it has evolved in the course of time, and some important components of the appraisal process. In addition to the factors controllability and predictability, outcome expectancy and feedback of the victim's own actions during the traumatic event are suggested to be important factors in the development of stress-related disease. Preliminary preclinical studies suggest that individual differences in the way in which these factors are used in the appraisal of everyday life situations may explain individual vulnerability.

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Plasma catecholamine and corticosterone as well as brain catecholamine changes during coping in rats exposed to stressful footshock

Cited by 102 publications

References 20 publications

From molecule to market: steroid hormones and financial risk-taking

From molecule to market: steroid hormones and financial risk-taking

The Effects of a Switch-Off Response Accompanied by Hypothalamically Induced Restlessness on Immunoendocrinological Changes in Cats

Does the Current Concept of Stress Explain PTSD

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