Plasma and Urinary Cortisol in Pregnancy and during Estrogen-Gestagen Treatment

Lindholm, J; Schultz-Möller, N

doi:10.3109/00365517309082426

Cited by 63 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…On the other hand, it is conceivable that the restraint procedures aimed at urine sampling may elicit an acute stress response of higher intensity in animals accustomed to free housing with respect to those reared in tether systems. A close linear correlation has been reported between unbound plasma cortisol and urinary cortisol (Lindholm and Schultz-Möller 1973) and the latter has been used to monitor HPA activity in several farm species (Mormède et al 2007) In order to verify whether an endogenous production of prednisolone could be attributed to alleged conditions of higher stress, total urinary cortisol and cortisone levels (free plus conjugated hormones) were determined in both urine samples showing trace amounts of the glucocorticoid (n=7) and prednisolone-negative specimens collected from cows kept in tie-stall barns (n=8). Data depicted in Figure 3 4 demonstrate that the urines collected from cows reared in loose housing farms and containing prednisolone at a low level (< CC) had median cortisol concentrations more than threefold higher (2.66 vs. 0.75 µg l -1 ) than those sampled from tethered cows (P<0.001), whereas figures for cortisone were 1.27 vs. 0.24 µg l -1 , respectively (P<0.02, data not shown).…”

Section: Relationship Between Alleged Stress and The Recovery Of Tracsupporting

confidence: 71%

A field survey on the presence of prednisolone and prednisone in urine samples from untreated cows

Vincenti

Leporati

Capra

et al. 2012

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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A field survey on the presence of prednisolone and prednisone in urine samples from untreated cows Prednisolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid widely employed in bovine clinical practice, which may be also illegally used as a growth promoter. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies lend support to the hypothesis that prednisolone could be synthesized from cortisol in untreated cattle subjected to stressful events. To verify such a hypothesis, a field survey was conducted on urine samples collected from 131 guaranteed untreated cows and analyzed for the presence of prednisolone and prednisone -in some instances also for cortisol and cortisone-with a validated HPLC/MS-MS method. None of the examined samples exhibited either prednisolone levels higher than the CC limit (around 0.70 g l -1 ) or prednisone, being therefore officially compliant for both analytes. Trace amounts of prednisolone, approximately estimated in the range 0.1-0.3 g l -1 , were found only in 7 samples from cows also showing urinary cortisol and cortisone levels higher than those detected in negative specimens, as the result of a probable stress condition. KEYWORDS:Prednisolone; cows; urine; cortisol, illicit growth promoters; liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry Such modifications result in both an extended duration of GC therapeutical effects and a severalfold increase in their pharmacological potency, particularly in the anti-inflammatory action. These features, combined with the absence of a parallel increase of sodium-retaining effects, enhance the suitability of synthetic GCs for therapeutic purposes (Ferguson and Hoenig 1995). A number of commercial preparations containing different prednisolone esters are currently available for administration to cattle, covering a wide range of therapeutical applications, including primary ketosis, disorders of tendons and the musculoskeletal system, allergic reactions, skin diseases, and shock. In addition, prednisolone is included in a number of antibiotic preparations for intramammary administration, indicated for the treatment of cow mastitis (McDonald et al. 2007).Besides legal treatments, prednisolone and other GCs are frequently employed just before the animals are sold, to mask more or less severe pathologies, especially in the case of old cows at the end of their productive cycle. Another common law infringement is the administration of intramammary infusions without declaring nor applying an appropriate withdrawal time. In the last decade, synthetic GCs, including prednisolone, have been increasingly employed as illicit growth promoters in cattle (Stephany 2001;Cannizzo et al. 2011; European Commission 2012). When administered at low dosages for an extended period of time, GCs are known to significantly improve the feed conversion ratio, to increase the area of longissimus dorsi, one of the most valuable muscles in bovine meat breeds, and to enhance the overall carcass quality traits, yielding pale and tender meat ( apparently corroborated the conclusions drawn in the studies mentioned...

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Section: Relationship Between Alleged Stress and The Recovery Of Tracsupporting

confidence: 71%

A field survey on the presence of prednisolone and prednisone in urine samples from untreated cows

Vincenti

Leporati

Capra

et al. 2012

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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“…6). The results show that at the total cortisol plasma concentration (181.5 nM) observed in nonpregnant women (Lindholm and Schultz-Möller, 1973;Maroulis et al, 1976;Kalleinen et al, 2008;Matsuzaka et al, 2013) or in pregnant women during T1, T2, or T3, the CYP3A activity would be predicted to be induced by 45%, 120%, 170%, and 170%, Fig. 6.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Prediction of Gestational Age–Dependent Induction of In Vivo Hepatic CYP3A Activity Based on HepaRG Cells and Human Hepatocytes

et al. 2015

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In pregnant women, CYP3A activity increases by 100% during the third trimester (T3). Due to logistical and ethical constraints, little is known about the magnitude of CYP3A induction during the first trimester (T1) and second trimester (T2). Our laboratory has shown that sandwichcultured human hepatocytes (SCHH) and HepaRG cells have the potential to predict the magnitude of in vivo induction of CYP3A activity likely to be observed in T1 and T2. Therefore, we incubated SCHH and HepaRG cells with plasma concentrations of various pregnancyrelated hormones (PRHs)-individually or in combination-observed during T1, T2, or T3 in pregnant women. Then, CYP3A activity was measured by 19-OH-midazolam formation. In all three trimesters, only cortisol (C) consistently and significantly induced CYP3A activity, while other individual hormones (progesterone, estradiol, or growth hormones) failed to induce CYP3A activity. At physiologically relevant 13 plasma concentrations, the magnitude of CYP3A induction by C or the combination of all PRHs did not change significantly with gestational age. The pattern of induction of CYP3A activity in SCHH by the hormones was similar to that in HepaRG cells. Based on these data, we conclude that C remains the major inducer of CYP3A activity earlier in gestation. Moreover, we predict that the magnitude of CYP3A induction during T1 and T2 will be similar to that observed during T3 (∼100% increase versus postpartum). This prediction is consistent with the observation of similar increases in T2 and T3 oral clearance of indinavir (a CYP3A cleared drug) versus postpartum.

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“…Previous studies have reported a decrease in the normal day-night vari ation of plasma cortisol in pregnant compared to nonpregnant women [2,[6][7][8], Several of these earlier studies, however, were based on rather infre quent samples, and detailed changes in the magnitude of the cortisol rhythm during the third trimester have not been reported previously. Burke and Roulet [7] found that the mean day-night variation of nonproteinbound cortisol decreased from 82% in nonpregnant subjects to 52% at 34-38 weeks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…It is known also that the diurnal rhythm in the total and nonprotein bound concentration of cortisol in plasma persists during pregnancy [2,[6][7][8]. Recently we have suggested that diurnal changes in the maternal cortisol concentration might be associated with diurnal changes in fetal pituitary-adrenal function, reflected in maternal plasma estriol [9], and with diurnal patterns of fetal breathing movements [10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in the Diurnal Rhythms of Plasma Cortisol in Women during the Third Trimester of Pregnancy

Challis

Patrick

1983

Gynecol Obstet Invest

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We have examined whether there are changes in the day-night variation in plasma cortisol in normal women during the third trimester of pregnancy. Maximum cortisol values at 07.30–10.30 h were similar at 30–31, 34–35 and 38–39 weeks of pregnancy. The daily increment in plasma cortisol (fold change) was greater, and the trough values lower at 30–31 than at 38–39 weeks. The time taken for plasma cortisol to fall to 50% of the morning maximum values was longer at 38–39 weeks than at 30–31 weeks of pregnancy. These changes in cortisol rhythms may have implications with respect to alterations in circadian patterns of maternal steroid concentrations as well as fetal biophysical functions.

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Plasma and Urinary Cortisol in Pregnancy and during Estrogen-Gestagen Treatment

Cited by 63 publications

References 12 publications

A field survey on the presence of prednisolone and prednisone in urine samples from untreated cows

A field survey on the presence of prednisolone and prednisone in urine samples from untreated cows

Prediction of Gestational Age–Dependent Induction of In Vivo Hepatic CYP3A Activity Based on HepaRG Cells and Human Hepatocytes

Changes in the Diurnal Rhythms of Plasma Cortisol in Women during the Third Trimester of Pregnancy

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