Plasma and red cell folate values and folate requirements in formula-fed term infants

Ek, Johan; Magnus, Erik M.

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(82)80574-x

Cited by 27 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The bioavailability of folate from breast milk is high, possibly beause of the folate-binding protein, which may facilitate absorption from the gastrointestinal tract (36 -40). Serum folate in formula-fed infants is often higher than that in breastfed infants (6,12,31), depending on the folate content of the formula (18,31,41). In the present study, serum folate was not higher in the formula-fed infants, probably because of the relatively low content in Norwegian formulas.…”

Section: Folatecontrasting

confidence: 64%

Folate and cobalamin status in relation to breastfeeding and weaning in healthy infants

Hay

Johnston

Whitelaw

et al. 2008

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Background: Folate and cobalamin status changes markedly during infancy. Objective: We aimed to examine the influence of breastfeeding on folate and cobalamin status in healthy infants. Design: In a longitudinal study, we measured serum folate, cobalamin, holotranscobalamin, holohaptocorrin, methylmalonic acid, and homocysteine at birth and at ages 6, 12, and 24 mo (n ҃ 361, 262, 244, and 224, respectively). Breastfeeding status and nutrient intake were assessed by using questionnaires and 7-d weighed-food records (at 12 mo). Results: All indexes changed significantly from birth to age 24 mo (P 0.001). Folate was high until age 6 mo and then declined. At age 6 mo, folate was positively correlated with duration of exclusive breastfeeding ( ҃ 0.29; P 0.001). Cobalamin status declined after birth in breastfed but increased in nonbreastfed infants. Thus, holotranscobalamin (pmol/L) was lower in breastfed than in nonbreastfed children at age 6 mo [geometric x : 37 (95% CI: 33, 40) and 74 (64, 86), respectively], at 12 mo [51 (46, 56) and 76 (70, 82), respectively], and at 24 mo [65 (50, 83) and 90 (85, 97), respectively; P 0.05 for all]. Complementary feeding did not increase (6 mo) or modestly increased (12 mo) cobalamin status in breastfed children. At 12 mo, cobalamin intake (g/d), excluding breast milk cobalamin, was lower in breastfed than in nonbreastfed infants [geometric x : 1.4 (1.3, 1.6) and 2.4 (2.1, 2.6), respectively; P 0.001]. However, after adjustment for total cobalamin intake, cobalamin status (ie, holotranscobalamin) remained significantly lower in breastfed than in nonbreastfed infants [54 (49, 59) and 70 (64, 78), respectively; P 0.001]. Conclusions: Low cobalamin status is a characteristic finding in breastfed children. Reference limits according to age and breastfeeding status should be considered in early childhood.

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Section: Folatecontrasting

confidence: 64%

Folate and cobalamin status in relation to breastfeeding and weaning in healthy infants

Hay

Johnston

Whitelaw

et al. 2008

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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“…A further suggestion is that folate binding proteins in breast milk may protect the folate from bacteria and facilitate absorption, thus making folate in human milk more available than from formulae (Antony et al 1982;Ek & Magnus, 1982). In addition a bile-salt stimulated lipase in human milk hydrolyses retinyl esters, thereby facilitating absorption of vitamin A (Fredrikzon et al 1978).…”

Section: Bioavailability Of Vitamins From Breast Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin requirements for term infants: considerations for infant formulae

Powers

1997

Nutr. Res. Rev.

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Objective. To provide the informed health professional with an up to date evaluation of the current thinking regarding requirements for vitamins in infant feeds. Establishing criteria for adequacy. Vitamin adequacy in the neonate is currently defined in terms of circulating levels of a vitamin or of the activity of a vitamin dependent enzyme in the erythrocytes. Although these measurements have their value there is a need to develop biochemical, physiological or clinical markers of well defined specific function. For some vitamins there is a risk of deleterious effects of very high intakes: risk of toxicity needs to be taken into consideration when making recommendations for inclusion in infant formulae. Breast milk as the 'gold standard'. Breast milk concentrations of vitamins have been used as the criteria of adequate intake by neonates. This may not always be justified. Greater consideration needs to be given to differences in bioavailability of vitamins from breast milk compared with formula feeds, of the influence of season, and of stage of lactation, on the stated composition. Experimental approaches. Animal studies have provided limited information regarding effects of different levels of intakes on current status indices in the neonatal period. There are few reports of randomized controlled studies into the effects of different levels of vitamins and these rely heavily on biochemical criteria of adequacy. Recent developments. The inclusion of fl-carotene into formula feeds for premature babies is an issue of current interest. What is the justification for this? Are there potential benefits for the term infant? Riboflavin deficiency in the period around weaning may affect the normal structural and functional development of the gastrointestinal tract; some. of these effects may be permanent. Research to be done. A greater understanding of the absorption and metabolism of vitamins during infancy is required in order to help establish dietary requirements. The relative bioavailability of vitamins in human milk and formulae needs to be investigated. Criteria for vitamin adequacy should be extended to include measures of function. Information regarding the conversion factor from tryptophan to niacin in infancy would allow us to set niacin requirements with greater confidence. There is a particular lack of information about concentrations of biotin and pantothenic acid in breast milk and the relative biochemical status of infants receiving breast milk and formulae. Benefits of including fi-carotene into infant formulae need to be evaluated. The role of individual micronutrients in the structural and functional development of the gastrointestinal tract should be explored.

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“…While breast-fed babies sustain their folate status on 55 J.lg folate per day, bottle-fed babies need 78 J.lg. It has been suggested that the discrepancy is due to the occurrence of folate-binding proteins in human milk but not in heat-processed milk formulae (Ek and Magnus, 1982). 5-CH3-THF is the primary form of folate in milks and creams, while formyl folic acids are predominant in yoghurts.…”

Section: Folates In Milk and Milk Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced Dairy Chemistry Volume 3

Fox¹

1997

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Plasma and red cell folate values and folate requirements in formula-fed term infants

Cited by 27 publications

References 18 publications

Folate and cobalamin status in relation to breastfeeding and weaning in healthy infants

Folate and cobalamin status in relation to breastfeeding and weaning in healthy infants

Vitamin requirements for term infants: considerations for infant formulae

Advanced Dairy Chemistry Volume 3

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