Plants and techniques used for sand dune reclamation in Australia

Abstract

Successful s e l e c t i o n of plants for sand dune r e c l a m a t i o n r e q u i r e s a knowledge of t h e m a c r o -and m i c r o e n v i r o n m e n t of plar~ting locations.R e c l a m a t i o n of c o a s t a l dunes in A u s t r a l i a h a s m a i n l y been u n d e r t a k e n in the t e m p e r a t e and M e d i t e r r a n e a n w i n t e r -r a i n f a l l zones of s o u t h e r n A u s t r a l i a , with a v e r a g e annual r a i n f a l l of b e t w e e n 500 m m and 850 ram, and in the s u m m e r -r a i nfail, s u b t r o p i c and t r o p i c zones of e a s t e r n A u s t r a l i a , with a v e r a g e rainfall between 600 and 1,200 ram.The m a i n t r e a t m e n t of inland dunes h a s been in the a g r i c u l t u r a l a r e a of the w i n t e r rainfall zone w h e r e the annual r a i n f a l l is between 250 and 350 m m and t h e s u m m e r s a r e hot (average m a x i m u m daily t e m p e r a t u r e s 32°C) and d r y (potential e v a p o t r a n s p i r a t i o u 125 r a m / m o n t h ) .Coastal dunes a r e e x t r e m e l y low in plant n u t r i e n t s and r a n g e f r o m acid s i l i c e o u s to highly c a l c a r e o u s s a n d s . L a r g e a r e a s of s t a b l e dunes a r e in a d e l i c a t e state of b a l a n c e and r e a d i l y e r o d e if t h e i r p r o t e c t i v e v e g e t a t i v e c o v e r is weakened or r e m o v e d . Dune i n s t a b i l i t y is caused by clearing, cultivation, o v e r g r a z i u g by stock a n d / o r rabbits, fire, and r e c e n t l y by b e a c h m i n i n g f o r t i t a n i u m m i n e r a l s and c o n c e n t r a ted r e c r e a t i o n a l t r a f f i c k i n g by people and t h e i r v e h i c l e s . COASTAL DUNES RECLAMATION.In the w i n t e r -r a i n f a l l zone in s o u t h e r n A u s t r a l i a , the m a i n s t a b i l i z e r used for f r o n t a l dunes is m a r r a m g r a s s , AMMOPHILA ARENARIA, planted vegetatively. In the s u m m e r -r a i n f a l l zone of the e a s t e r n coast, native h a i r y spinifex SPINIFEX HIRSUTUS, e s t a b l i s h e d f r o m seed sown u n d e r brush, is used. Sea wheat AGROPYRON JUNCEUM is planted at the toe of the s e a w a r d face of the f r o n t a l dune in Victoria. P i P g r a s s EHRHARTA VILLOSA h a s also been s u c c e s s f u l as a p r i m a r y s t a b i l i z e r in South and W e s t e r n A u s t r a l i a .The m o s t i m p o r t a n t s e c o n d a r y s t a b i l i z e r s used include Lupins LUPINUS DIGI-TATUS (cv. West A u s t r a l i a n ) , t r e e lupin LUPINUS ARBOREUS, pigfaee CARPO-BROTUS S P P . , coast a c a c i a ACACIA SOPHORAE, and A. CYANOPHYLLA. Bone seed o r bitou bush CHRYSANTHEMOIDES MONILIFERA is also widely u s e d in New South Wales. *) Soil C o n s e r v a t i o n Authority, 378 Cotham Rd, Kew. 3101, Victoria, A u s t r a l i a . Preser~ted at the Sixth International B i o m e t e o r o l o g i c a l C o n g r e s s , Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 3-9 S e p t e m b e r 1972.

Changes in the vegetation cover of transgressive dune fields: A case study in Cape Woolamai, Victoria

“…Urbanization and tourist development on the Canary Islands led to a phase of dune stabilization since the 1960s (Hernández-Cordero et al, 2018). The introduction of marram grass (Ammophila arenaria) and afforestation during the last century resulted in dune stabilization in Australia and New Zealand (Hilton, 2006;Mitchell, 1974). As a result of increased stability, deliberate rejuvenation interventions have been undertaken to encourage dune mobility by removing the grass in some locations in recent decades (Arens et al, 2004(Arens et al, , 2013Darke et al, 2013;Hilton et al, 2009;Konlechner et al, 2015).…”

Die Bemesting van Marramgras (Ammophila arenaria) by die Herwinning van Waaisand in Suidwes-Kaapland

“…In sommige gevalle word binne 12 maande na aanplanting twee kopbemestingtoedienings bestaande uit 251 kg ammoniumnitraat met 'n verdere kopbemestingtoediening van 62 kg N, 31 kg P en 31 kg K/ha toegedien (Augustine et al, 1964; ] agschitz en Bell, 1966;Woodhouse en Hanes, 1966;Zak, 1967; Augustine en Sharp, 1969;Wendelken, 1974;Mitchell, 1974; McDonald en Barr, 1976; Barr en McKenzie, 1977). In die VSA, Israel, Australie en Nieu-Seeland word marramgras kort na aanplanting met 10 tot 225 kg N, 0 tot 112 kg P, en 0 tot 48 kg K/ha bemes.…”

“…Klem word hoofsaaklik net op N geplaas (Mitchell, 1974;Wendelken, 1974). te stimuleer, word nie in detail deur die buitelandse skrywers behandel nie.…”

Migration behavior of anionic polyurethane dispersion during infiltration and redistribution in sand

“…10,11 As a technology to improve the anti-wind erosion ability of sand, CSS is carried out by forming a consolidated crust on the sand surface with a binding material. 12 Plenty of kinds of materials have been developed for CSS, ranging from inorganic materials such as cement paste 13 and sodium silicate, 14 organic materials like asphalt emulsion, 15 polyacrylamide (PAM) 16 and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), 17 to organic-inorganic composite materials. 18 The inorganic materials are inexpensive but can only form rigid crusts, which are too hard for seed germination and crisp to crack.…”