Planting depth effects on overdrilled seedling survival in summer

Campbell, Bruce

doi:10.1080/03015521.1985.10426067

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…1). Soils were not thoroughly frozen when they were planted in 2009, and it is possible that the no‐till drilling could have placed seeds deeper than 1.5 cm, thus reducing, or slowing, initial clover emergence (Campbell 1985b). Overall, our data indicate that broadcasting produced numerically more clover seedlings, but density was variable across plots, suggesting that other environmental variables beyond seeding method influence emergence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sowing Method Effects on Clover Establishment into Permanent Pasture

Schlueter

Tracy

2012

Agronomy Journal

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E stablishing clover (Trifolium spp.) into permanent pasture can be challenging, because many factors like competition from existing the sward, subsequent grazing management, or weather fl uctuations can aff ect this process. Two common overseeding methods for clover include surface sowing without disturbance (broadcasting) or drilling of seed through undisturbed sod and residue (Pearson and Ison, 1997). Frost-seeding is a form of overseeding when seed is broadcasted mid-winter on top of snow and frozen ground or in early spring aft er snowmelt (Casler et al., 1999). Once sown, the freezing and thawing of the ground helps to incorporate seed into the soil. Th is allows for better seed-to-soil contact and reduces the equipment required for planting (Kankanen et al., 2001). Both no-till drilling and broadcasting have strengths and weaknesses. Th e advantage of no-till drilling is more control over seeding depth to ensure good seed-to-soil contact (Campbell, 1985a). A disadvantage of no-till drilling is that use can be limited by steep topography. Broadcasting requires less machinery and is virtually unrestrained by topography. However, no-till drilling is considered superior to broadcasting, because more control helps ensure a proper seeding depth (Taylor et al., 1972).Several experiments that have compared broadcasting with no-till drilling found varying results. Taylor et al. (1969) discovered that drilling clover seed was important for successful establishment of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Th ey found that extreme moisture and temperature fl uctuations on the surface of the soil caused low establishment of broadcasted seed. Cuomo et al. (2001) found no diff erence between drilling and broadcasting in establishment across several forage legumes. Th ey learned that the main factor that determined legume establishment was the suppression of grass species. Byers and Templeton (1988) discovered that drilling produced more alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) biomass over broadcasting, and Mueller and Chamblee (1984) found that broadcasting was more eff ective when sowing was done in late winter than in spring. In their experiment, white clover broadcasted in mid-February had greater establishment than when broadcasted in mid-March. When averaged between the two sowing dates, however, white clover (Trifolium repens L.) establishment was greater in the drilled treatments.Although sowing method should have a major impact on clover establishment, relatively few studies have compared broadcasting (frost-seeding) to no-till drilling. More information is needed about clover overseeding methods to provide guidelines to help improve establishment success. To add to this body of research, a pasture experiment was conducted from 2009 to 2011 near Blacksburg, VA. Th e primary objective of this study was to compare the eff ectiveness of broadcasting (frost-seeding) and no-till drilling for establishment of white and red clover. A secondary objective was to identify potential management variables that may help explain the succe...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sowing Method Effects on Clover Establishment into Permanent Pasture

Schlueter

Tracy

2012

Agronomy Journal

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“…3), in sharp contrast to seedlings that raised cotyledons from soil (Campbell 1985). Few seeds survived more than 5 weeks below ground.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Coulter shape has previously been the major topic of interest with overdrilling machinery. Wide differences in emergence, that persist into later plant densities (Campbell 1985) produced by changing coulter depth alone here emphasise that depth, too, must be viewed as a major factor in machinery performance.…”

Section: Practical Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plots were 0.45 X 31 m, with 2 m between plot centres. Coulter depth was defined, as described by Campbell et al (1985), as the vertical displacement of the rear of the lateral wings of the coulter below the base of depth control wheels at rest on a horizontal plane (this approximated the thickness of the turf flap overlying the groove base). Three depths (0, 13, and 39 mm) were examined.…”

Section: Drillingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Winged coulter depth effects on overdrilled red clover seedling emergence

Campbell¹

1985

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research

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The effect of depth variation of the winged 'chisel' coulter on overdrilled red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) seedling emergence was studied by controlling depth at 0, 13, and 39 mm below the soil surface in a dry soil in autumn and at 0, 13, 26, and 39 mm in 3 different soils in spring. Near full emergence (90-95%) at 13 mm depth and lower emergence at 0, 26, and 39 mm was observed in all soils, despite a 3-fold increase in soil gravimetric water content and an almost doubling of soil strength. Red clover seedling emergence was the same after spraying either paraquat or glyphosate in 50 mm wide bands ahead of the coulter. Few seeds survived more than 5 weeks below ground. Some seedlings at 0 mm failed to penetrate the soil surface with a rootlet before expanding their cotyledons, particularly when sown in autumn. Patterns of seed germination, seedling emergence, and seed loss in autumn are used to discuss problems associated with surface placement and planting at depth. It is concluded that seed placement should be given higher priority than at present in programmes developing overdrilling and direct drilling machinery.

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“…The development and testing of direct drilling equipment in New Zealand is well advanced (e.g., Baker 1980;Baker et al 1979a, b;Campbell 1985). The performance of various coulter assemblies in relation to seedling emergence and in association with band-spraying, has been determined in many environments including dairy pastures in northern New Zealand (Baker et al 1979b;Baker 1980).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Renovation of pastures containing paspalum 1 . Persistence of overdrilled ryegrass and prairie grass and effect on seasonal pasture production

Thom

Sheath²,

Bryant

et al. 1986

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research

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The persistence of Nui ryegrass and Matua prairie grass was measured over a 2-year period, after over drilling into pasture containing paspalum. Ryegrass and a mixture of rye grass and prairie grass were direct drilled in autumn through triple disc or chisel coulter assemblies. Half the width of each main plot received paraquat in 40 mm bands covering the drill lines while the other half did not. The plots were rotationally grazed by dairy cows. Ryegrass and prairie grass seedlings were tagged, and sequential growth measurements (tiller number and length) were made during each plant's life cycle. Losses (30-40%) of plants were highest in the summer following their introduction, and by the end of the study were higher for prairie grass (83070) than for ryegrass (65%). Twenty percent of total losses were ascribed directly to 'animal effects' mainly plant removal ('pulling'), and these were higher for prairie grass than for ryegrass. Coulter type and band-spraying of paraquat had no effect on plant survival. Species mixture had inconsistent effects. Large plants (20-30 tillers) had a higher probability of surviving over summer than did small plants « 10 tillers). The high losse~ of introduced plants was reflected in only small (< 500 kg/ha), short-term (abou16 months after drilling) improvements in pasture production. Practical suggestions are made for improving the survival of over drilled species and these are examined in subsequent papers.

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Planting depth effects on overdrilled seedling survival in summer

Cited by 4 publications

References 16 publications

Sowing Method Effects on Clover Establishment into Permanent Pasture

Sowing Method Effects on Clover Establishment into Permanent Pasture

Winged coulter depth effects on overdrilled red clover seedling emergence

Renovation of pastures containing paspalum 1 . Persistence of overdrilled ryegrass and prairie grass and effect on seasonal pasture production

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