Planting Date and Residue Rate Effects on Growth, Partitioning, and Yield of Corn

Swanson, Stephan P.; Wilhelm, Wallace

doi:10.2134/agronj1996.00021962008800020014x

Cited by 48 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…This is the most commonly used method in calculating GDD for corn, but is used for other crops as well (e.g., Baker et al, 1986;Bauer et al, 1988;Cutforth and Shaykewich, 1989;Edwardson and Watt, 1987;Ketring and Wheless, 1989;Masoni et al, 1990;Russelle et al, 1984;Swanson and Wilhelm, 1996;Tollenaar et al, 1979;Wilhelm et al, 1987Wilhelm et al, , 1989. Occasionally, a combination of the two methods is used (e.g., Baker et al, 1986).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growing degree-days: one equation, two interpretations

McMaster¹

1997

Agricultural and Forest Meteorology

1,228

723

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Heat units, expressed in growing degree-days (GDD), are frequently used to describe the timing of biological processes. The basic equation used is GDD = [(T,,,, , , where T, , , and T,,, are daily maximum and minimum air temperature, respectively, and T, , , , is the base temperature. Two methods of interpreting this equation for calculating GDD are: (1) if the daily mean temperature is less than the base, it is set equal to the base temperature, or (2) if T, , ,they are reset equal to T,,,,. The objective of this paper is to show the differences which can result from using these two methods to estimate GDD, and make researchers and practitioners aware of the need to report clearly which method was used in the calculations. Although percent difference between methods of calculation are dependent on TMAx and T, , , data used to compute GDD, our comparisons have produced differences up to 83% when using a 0°C base for wheat (Triticum aestil:um L.). Greater differences were found for corn (Zea mays L.) when using a base temperature of 10°C. Differences between the methods occur if only T,,, is less than T,,,,, and then Method 1 accumulates fewer GDD than Method 2. When incorporating an upper threshold, as commonly done with corn, there was a greater difference between the two methods. Not recognizing the discrepancy between methods can result in confusion and add error in quantifying relationships between heat unit accumulation and timing of events in crop development and growth, particularly in crop simulation models. This paper demonstrates the need for authors to clearly communicate the method of calculating GDD so others can correctly interpret and apply reported results. O 1997 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growing degree-days: one equation, two interpretations

McMaster¹

1997

Agricultural and Forest Meteorology

1,228

723

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“…This promotes biological activity and enhances nitrogen mineralization, especially in the surface layers (Dao 1993;Hatfield & Pruegar 1996). This is a very important factor in tropical and subtropical environments but has been shown to be a hindrance in temperate climates due to delays in soil warming in the spring and delayed germination (Schneider & Gupta 1985;Kaspar et al 1990;Burgess et al 1996;Swanson & Wilhelm 1996). Fabrizzi et al (2005) showed that NT had lower soil temperatures in the spring in Argentina, but TT had higher maximum temperatures in the summer, and that average temperatures during the season were similar.…”

Section: Conservation Agriculture Definedmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of conservation agriculture in sustainable agriculture

Hobbs

Sayre

Gupta

2007

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

1,229

713

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The paper focuses on conservation agriculture (CA), defined as minimal soil disturbance (no-till, NT) and permanent soil cover (mulch) combined with rotations, as a more sustainable cultivation system for the future. Cultivation and tillage play an important role in agriculture. The benefits of tillage in agriculture are explored before introducing conservation tillage (CT), a practice that was borne out of the American dust bowl of the 1930s. The paper then describes the benefits of CA, a suggested improvement on CT, where NT, mulch and rotations significantly improve soil properties and other biotic factors. The paper concludes that CA is a more sustainable and environmentally friendly management system for cultivating crops. Case studies from the rice-wheat areas of the Indo-Gangetic Plains of South Asia and the irrigated maize-wheat systems of Northwest Mexico are used to describe how CA practices have been used in these two environments to raise production sustainably and profitably. Benefits in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and their effect on global warming are also discussed. The paper concludes that agriculture in the next decade will have to sustainably produce more food from less land through more efficient use of natural resources and with minimal impact on the environment in order to meet growing population demands. Promoting and adopting CA management systems can help meet this goal.

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“…The timing for RCC control was an attempt to have corn and soybean planting within recommended calendar dates and to avoid delay in planting that might affect yield potential. According to Duiker and Curran (2005), delay of 2 wk in corn planting can result in grain yield losses up to 0.5 Mg ha -1 , with other studies across the Corn Belt reporting significant yield reductions with planting delayed after the optimum, ranging from 0.5 to 1.9% yield loss per day (Swanson and Wilhelm, 1996;Lauer et al, 1999;Van Roekel and Coulter, 2011). Therefore, RCC growth, biomass production, and N uptake were limited by the RCC control timing decision.…”

Section: Rye Cover Crop Biomass and Nitrogen Uptakementioning

confidence: 99%

Corn Nitrogen Fertilization Requirement and Corn-Soybean Productivity with a Rye Cover Crop

Pantoja

Woli

Sawyer

et al. 2015

Soil Science Society of America Journal

103

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winter rye (Secale cereale l.) cover crop (rcc) has potential to reduce no 3 -n loss from corn (Zea mays l.) and soybean [Glycine max (l.) Merr.] fields. However, rcc effects on annual crop productivity and corn optimal n fertilization requirement are unclear. the objectives were to evaluate corn and soybean yield response to rcc and corn optimal n rate. treatments were no-rcc and rcc with six fertilizer n rates (0-225 kg n ha -1 ) applied to corn in a no-till corn-soybean (cs) rotation at four iowa sites in 2009 through 2011. the rcc biomass and n uptake was low, with a maximum of 1280 kg dry matter (dM) ha -1 and 26 kg n ha -1 , respectively. in the no-n control, the rcc reduced soil profile no 3 -n by 15 kg n ha -1 only at time of rcc control before corn planting. corn canopy sensing, plant height, and plant population indicated more n stress, reduced plant stand, and slower growth with rcc. the rcc reduced corn grain yield by 6% at the economic optimum n rate (eonr). the eonr was the same with no-rcc and rcc, but plant n uptake efficiency (Pue) was reduced at low n rates with rcc, but not above the eonr. soybean yield was not affected by rcc. results indicate n fertilization rate should be the same with or without rcc. improvement in rcc systems and management could make rcc a more viable practice within notill corn and soybean production.Abbreviations: CS, corn-soybean; DM, dry matter; EONR, economic optimum nitrogen rate; NDVI, normalized difference vegetative index; NUE, nitrogen use efficiency; PAN, plant available nitrogen; PUE, plant nitrogen uptake efficiency; RCC, rye cover crop; SOM, soil organic matter; YEONR, yield at economic optimum nitrogen rate. E nvironmental concerns related to crop N fertilization is an ongoing issue (USEPA, 2007), including reducing N in surface waters related to hypoxia in coastal surface waters Kladivko et al., 2014). Nitrogen application rate to corn is an important factor in regard to cropping system profitability and NO 3 loss. Applying only the optimal N rate will not stop NO 3 loss, nor necessarily achieve the drinking water standard (Lawlor et al., 2007). Successful development of agricultural systems that benefit water quality have to be more inclusive of several agricultural practices, rather than only N rate or timing (Hatfield et al., 2009). Therefore, additional in-field practices are needed to reduce NO 3 losses (Sainju and Singh, 2008).Nitrate losses in tile drainage water from corn production systems can range from 7 to 68 kg N ha -1 yr -1 (Lawlor et al., 2007), and with most values ranging from 29 to 56 kg N ha -1 yr -1 (Sawyer and Randall, 2008). Cover crops have shown potential for uptake of residual N from fertilizers or inorganic N released from degrading soil organic matter (SOM) in the period between annual crops (Strock et al., 2004;Tonitto et al.,

show abstract

Planting Date and Residue Rate Effects on Growth, Partitioning, and Yield of Corn

Cited by 48 publications

References 18 publications

Growing degree-days: one equation, two interpretations

Growing degree-days: one equation, two interpretations

The role of conservation agriculture in sustainable agriculture

Corn Nitrogen Fertilization Requirement and Corn-Soybean Productivity with a Rye Cover Crop

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