Plantar pressure distribution of ostrich during locomotion on loose sand and solid ground

Zhang, Rui; Han, Dianlei; Ma, Songsong; Luo, Gang; Ji, Qiaoli; Xue, Shuliang; Yang, Mingming; Li, Jianqiao

doi:10.7717/peerj.3613

Cited by 19 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 42 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Rather than being perfect molds of static feet, track morphologies arise through the dynamic interplay of pedal anatomy, step kinematics, and substrate properties [5][6][7][8][9][10]. Ground-dwelling birds have proven to be excellent models for experimentally studying these interactions [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

It's in the loop: shared sub-surface foot kinematics in birds and other dinosaurs shed light on a new dimension of fossil track diversity

2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The feet of ground-dwelling birds retain many features of their dinosaurian ancestry. Experiments with living species offer insights into the complex interplay among anatomy, kinematics and substrate during the formation of Mesozoic footprints. However, a key aspect of the track-making process, sub-surface foot movement, is hindered by substrate opacity. Here, we use biplanar X-rays to image guineafowl walking through radiolucent substrates of different consistency (solid, dry granular, firm to semi-liquid muds). Despite substantial kinematic variation, the foot consistently moves in a looping pattern below ground. As the foot sinks and then withdraws, the claws of the three main toes create entry and exit paths in different locations. Sampling these paths at incremental horizons captures two-dimensional features just as fossil tracks do, allowing depth-based zones to be characterized by the presence and relative position of digit impressions. Examination of deep, penetrative tracks from the Early Jurassic confirms that bipeds had an equivalent looping response to soft substrates approximately 200 Ma. Our integration of extant and extinct evidence demonstrates the influence of substrate properties on sinking depth and sub-surface foot motion, both of which are significant sources of track variation in the fossil record of dinosaurs.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

It's in the loop: shared sub-surface foot kinematics in birds and other dinosaurs shed light on a new dimension of fossil track diversity

2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Adult ostriches weigh between 80 and 200 kg. The load is mainly concentrated on the 3rd toe, with an area of 90 cm 2 [15,16,25]. Stress distribution was relatively uniform and there was no stress concentration area.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zhang et al and Schaller et al studied the ostrich plantar pressure distribution during the ostrich walked or ran gait through the dynamic pressure plate. The results showed that the 4th toe mainly played an auxiliary balance, and the plantar load was concentrated beneth the 3rd toe [16,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

FEM analysis in excellent cushion characteristic of ostrich (Struthio camelus) toe pads

et al. 2019

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

African ostrich ( Struthio camelus ) is the largest and fastest extent bipedal animal. The ostrich mainly relies on the 3rd toe to support the entire body under high-speed motion. The short and severe impact concentrated on the limited area would produce tremendous momentary internal stress and strain, which may contribute to the phalanges disloaction, soft tissue damage and the like. The vibration and excessive negative acceleration caused by the ground reaction force also affect the stability of the touching process. Therefore, ostrich toe pads are required to have excellent cushion characteristics. However, current studies often explains the cushion properties by analyzing the macro-microscopic structure of the pad organism, and there is a paucity of research on its biomechanical behaviour. Consequently, from the perspective of multi-layer structure and biomaterial assembly, this study aims to explain the biomechanical characteristics of the ostrich toe pads by FEM (Finite Element Method) analysis. Based on results, we deem that the ostrich toe pad could absorb energy and reduce vibration effectively. Firstly, the multi-layer structure of the pads make the stress and strain decay from outside to inside. Secondly, the minimal response frequency of the pad is 164.22 Hz, making it effectively avoid resonance phenomenon. Finally, the composite material model has the best performance in decreasing the negative acceleration peak value, the impact force peak value and the maximal equivalent stress value at velocities of 0.669 m/s and 1.339 m/s. These results help to further understand the buffer mechanism of the ostrich toe pad, and also have important inter-species reference value for the pathogenesis of human foot soft tissue injury.

show abstract

“…(Brand et al, 2018;Cooper, 2000). All ostrich species have high adaptive properties; the survival rate of young and adult birds is at the level of 75-85% (Zhang et al, 2017). Now conditions have been created for the import of live ostriches from Europe, Africa and Australia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endoparasic diseases of ostriches in eastern Ukraine

Paliy¹,

Сумакова²,

Петров³

2020

Ukr J Ecol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In ostrich farming is difficult to obtain the necessary production and economic results without protection of bird health. We determined the incidence of parasitic ostriches during the period of growing and keeping on specialized eco-zoos. Samples from small and large farms, as well as eco-parks in Kharkiv, Dnepr and Donetsk regions of Ukraine, were examined during 2016- 2020. We performed a parasitological study of 159 samples from three species of ostriches (black African ostrich, Australian common Emu (Dromaius), Rhea). Infestation of ostriches of different ages with two types of nematodes and Eimeria was established. We determoined that the population of ostriches in specialized farms and eco-zoos was infested with nematodes and protozoa with an extensiveness of invasion from 7.7% to 71.4% among adult birds, while young ostriches were infested with Emeria from 20.0% to 44.4%. The largest invasion by helminths and protozoa was observed among black African ostriches in Kharkiv region (41.4%), in Dnepr region it was 33.3%, and in Donetsk it reached 34.1%. Among the livestock of ostriches, there were both mono and mixinvasions. Most often, this was an invasion by Trichostrongylus spp. and Eimeria spp. in African black ostriches, capillaries and Eimeria in Emu. In Kharkiv region, the invasion of Capillaria by Trichostrongylus in African ostriches and Trichostrongylus in Emu were found when they were kept together. Acute and chronic eimeriosis disease can lead to the death of ostriches at the age of 3-4 months.

show abstract

Plantar pressure distribution of ostrich during locomotion on loose sand and solid ground

Cited by 19 publications

References 42 publications

It's in the loop: shared sub-surface foot kinematics in birds and other dinosaurs shed light on a new dimension of fossil track diversity

It's in the loop: shared sub-surface foot kinematics in birds and other dinosaurs shed light on a new dimension of fossil track diversity

FEM analysis in excellent cushion characteristic of ostrich (Struthio camelus) toe pads

Endoparasic diseases of ostriches in eastern Ukraine

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About