Plant sterol-enriched soy milk consumption modulates 5-lipoxygenase, 12-lipoxygenase, and myeloperoxidase activities in healthy adults – a randomized-controlled trial

Abstract

A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled and crossover study was conducted to simultaneously measure the effects, after 3-h and 4-week daily exposure to plant sterols-enriched food product, on inflammation, oxidative status, 5-lipoxygenase, 12-lipoxygenase, and myeloperoxidase activities in healthy adults. Eighteen healthy participants (67% female, 35.3 (mean) ± 9.5 (SD) years, mean body mass index 22.8 kg m) received two soy milk (20g) treatments daily: placebo and one containing 2.0 g free plant sterols equivalent of their palmitates (β-sitosterol, 55%; campesterol, 29%; stigmasterol, 23%). F-isoprostanes, leukotriene B, sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol concentrations were measured in the blood plasma and urine, using stable isotope-labeled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. High-sensitivity c-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-, and lipoxin A concentrations in blood serum were measured using commercially available enzyme immunoassays. Myeloperoxidase activity, serum lipid hydroperoxides, plasma and urinary F-isoprostanes, plasma and urinary leukotriene B, and plasma high-sensitivity c-reactive protein concentrations were significantly reduced, while circulating lipoxin A concentrations were significantly elevated after 4-week plant sterols treatment. Plant sterols treatment decreased plasma leukotriene B and increased plasma lipoxin A concentrations acutely. Total plant sterols, β-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol concentrations were significantly elevated after 4-week treatments compared with the pre-treatment concentrations. Our results suggest that dietary plant sterols, in the combination used, can alleviate lipid peroxidation and inflammatory events in vivo. These effects are possibly exerted via the modulation of myeloperoxidase, 5-lipoxygenase, and 12-lipoxygenase activities.

Clinical Advances in Immunonutrition and Atherosclerosis: A Review

“…These results suggest a relationship between phytosterols and activation of anti-inflammatory response. Another study including 18 healthy participants (85) undergoing a milk supplemented with plant sterols intervention (2.0 g free phytosterols) during 4 weeks found results following a similar trend. Hs-CRP serum levels significantly diminished after the intervention −0.32 mg/L ( P < 0.05), and plasma lipoxin A4 (LXA 4 ) concentrations increased (0.12 nmol/L, P < 0.05) as did nitrite and nitrate levels ( P < 0.05, both).…”

Possible anti‐obesity effects of phytosterols and phytostanols supplementation in humans: A systematic review and dose–response meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials

“…Six studies were conducted in women (Hsu, Kuo, & Huang, ; Li & Xing, ; Matvienko et al, ; Plat & Mensink, ; Plat, Van Onselen, Van Heugten, & Mensink, ; Stelmach‐Mardas, Walkowiak, Zagrodzki, Grygiel‐Górniak, & Przysławski, ), five in men (Esther et al, ; Gao, Wang, Wang, & Guo, ; Jones, Ntanios, Raeini‐Sarjaz, & Vanstone, ; Plat et al, ), and the rest of eligible studies involved both genders. Forty‐seven studies had a single‐arm parallel group whereas 32 studies had a crossover design (Abumweis et al, ; de Graaf et al, ; De Smet et al, ; Demonty, Chan, Pelled, & Jones, ; Esther et al, ; Farquhar & Sokolow, ; Fuentes et al, ; Hallikainen et al, ; Hendriks, Weststrate, Van Vliet, & Meijer, ; Ho, Liu, & Loke, ; Jones, Vanstone, Raeini‐Sarjaz, & St‐Onge, ; Kassis, Vanstone, Abumweis, & Jones, ; Naumann, Plat, & Mensink, ; Neil, Meijer, & Roe, ; Ottestad et al, ; Plat et al, ; Plat & Mensink, ; Theuwissen & Mensink, ; Thomsen, Hansen, Christiansen, Green, & Berger, ; Volpe et al, ). Included studies were carried out in patient with dyslipidemia (Varady et al, ; Ottestad et al, ; Gylling, Hallikainen, Nissinen, & Miettinen, ; Bañuls et al, ; Hironaka, Shioya, Matsubara, Matsuoka, & Itakura, ; Sukmaniah et al, ; Becker et al, ; Stelmach‐Mardas et al, ; Furuncuoğlu, Başar, Alici, & Şengül, ; Abumweis et al, ; Cabezas, De Vries, Van Oostrom, Iestra, & Van Staveren, ; de Graaf et al, 2002; De Jong et al, ; Demonty et al, ; Fuentes et al, ; Gylling et al, ; Hallikainen, Kurl, Laakso, Miettinen, & Gylling, ; Hallikainen, Sarkkinen, Gylling, Erkkilä, & Uusitupa, ; Hallikainen & Uusitupa, ; Hendriks et al, ; Hsu et al, ; Jones et al, ; Jones et al, …”

“…Forty‐seven studies had a single‐arm parallel group whereas 32 studies had a crossover design (Abumweis et al, ; de Graaf et al, ; De Smet et al, ; Demonty, Chan, Pelled, & Jones, ; Esther et al, ; Farquhar & Sokolow, ; Fuentes et al, ; Hallikainen et al, ; Hendriks, Weststrate, Van Vliet, & Meijer, ; Ho, Liu, & Loke, ; Jones, Vanstone, Raeini‐Sarjaz, & St‐Onge, ; Kassis, Vanstone, Abumweis, & Jones, ; Naumann, Plat, & Mensink, ; Neil, Meijer, & Roe, ; Ottestad et al, ; Plat et al, ; Plat & Mensink, ; Theuwissen & Mensink, ; Thomsen, Hansen, Christiansen, Green, & Berger, ; Volpe et al, ). Included studies were carried out in patient with dyslipidemia (Varady et al, ; Ottestad et al, ; Gylling, Hallikainen, Nissinen, & Miettinen, ; Bañuls et al, ; Hironaka, Shioya, Matsubara, Matsuoka, & Itakura, ; Sukmaniah et al, ; Becker et al, ; Stelmach‐Mardas et al, ; Furuncuoğlu, Başar, Alici, & Şengül, ; Abumweis et al, ; Cabezas, De Vries, Van Oostrom, Iestra, & Van Staveren, ; de Graaf et al, 2002; De Jong et al, ; Demonty et al, ; Fuentes et al, ; Gylling et al, ; Hallikainen, Kurl, Laakso, Miettinen, & Gylling, ; Hallikainen, Sarkkinen, Gylling, Erkkilä, & Uusitupa, ; Hallikainen & Uusitupa, ; Hendriks et al, ; Hsu et al, ; Jones et al, ; Jones et al, ; Kassis et al, ; Korpela et al, ; Lestiani et al, ; Matvienko et al, ; Neil et al, ; Plat & Mensink, ; Plat et al, ; Smet, Mensink, & Plat, ; Solà et al, ; Theuwissen and Mensink, 2007; Thomsen et al, ; Volpe et al, ; Woodgate, Chan, & Conquer, ), diabetes (Gao et al, …”

Exploring the biophysical properties of phytosterols in the plasma membrane for novel cancer prevention strategies

“…A recent randomised, double blind control trial using soy milk supplemented with 2g phytosterol (sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol) or placebo found that after 4 weeks of a daily regime, plasma and urine inflammatory markers such as leukotriene B4 and F2 isoprostanes, C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and lipid peroxidase activity were significantly reduced [43]. Serum CRP is used clinically as an inflammatory marker, and may be associated with an increased risk of some cancers, in particular, BCa [44].…”