The breeding of sugarcane, a leading sugar and energy crop, is complicated by the extremely complex sugarcane genome, which burdens research in the area and delays the development of new cultivars. One of the main viral diseases that affect this crop is sugarcane yellow leaf (SCYL), which is caused by the sugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV). The most common symptom of SCYL is the yellowing of leaf midribs and blades, but asymptomatic cases are frequent. Regardless of the manifestation of SCYL, infection by SCYLV can lead to substantial yield losses, making resistance to this virus highly relevant to sugarcane breeding. However, the genetic basis of this trait has not been widely explored or explained. In this context, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have arisen as promising tools for the identification of molecular markers associated with SCYLV resistance that can be employed in marker-assisted selection. In the present work, we performed a GWAS on sugarcane using codominant markers and genotypes of interest for breeding. A panel of 97 sugarcane genotypes inoculated with SCYLV was analyzed for SCYL symptom severity, and viral titer was estimated by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). A genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) library was constructed for 94 individuals of this population, enabling the identification of 38,710 SNPs and 32,178 indels with information on allele proportion (AP) and position on the Saccharum spontaneum genome. For association analyses, several combinations of population structure and kinship were tested to reduce model inflation, and diverse marker-trait association mixed models were employed. We identified 35 markers significantly associated with SCYL symptom severity and 22 markers strongly associated with SCYLV titer that can be applied in breeding programs upon validation. By aligning the sequences flanking these markers with their coding sequences in several plant species, we annotated the functions of 7 genes. The possible involvement of these candidates in the response to SCYLV infection is discussed.