Plant Regeneration through Anther Culture and Induced Parthenogenesis in GenusHelianthus

The Production of Helianthus Haploids: A Review of Its Current Status and Future Prospects

“…The doubled haploids of sunflower can be produced in vitro from an anther culture by direct embryogenesis [ 9 , 17 , 38 , 39 ], indirect embryogenesis [ 13 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 ], or indirect shoot organogenesis [ 10 , 17 , 38 , 40 , 44 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ] ( Figure 1 ). Several independent research groups have reported the formation of callus tissue from anther culture without any subsequent morphogenic response ( Table 1 and Table 2 ) [ 9 , 17 , 30 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 53 ].…”

“…The time interval from the beginning of anther culture to callus tissue formation and the subsequent organogenesis or embryogenesis varies considerably. In particular, callus is formed in vitro on days 5–10, depending on the genotype [ 40 , 42 , 51 ], on days 10–15 [ 45 , 54 ], on days 15–20 [ 14 , 52 ], and after 4 weeks of cultivation [ 41 , 44 ]. Indirect shoot organogenesis or embryogenesis is observable after 4 weeks of culture [ 10 ] and later, after 80–100 days [ 52 ] or 120 days [ 51 ].…”

“…In particular, callus is formed in vitro on days 5–10, depending on the genotype [ 40 , 42 , 51 ], on days 10–15 [ 45 , 54 ], on days 15–20 [ 14 , 52 ], and after 4 weeks of cultivation [ 41 , 44 ]. Indirect shoot organogenesis or embryogenesis is observable after 4 weeks of culture [ 10 ] and later, after 80–100 days [ 52 ] or 120 days [ 51 ]. Several researchers have noted that the complete cycle from the beginning of anther culture to the adaptation of in vitro regenerants to the soil conditions is rather long, lasting for up to 16–19 weeks [ 17 ].…”

“…Most researchers experimenting with haploid sunflower plants observe a considerable dependence of the anther morphogenic response and haploid plant production on the genotype [ 10 , 13 , 15 , 45 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 53 ]. Saji and Sujatha [ 42 ] explained that this is due to the different contents and concentrations of endogenous phytohormones.…”

“…Most researchers recommend using immature anthers carrying medium to late uninucleate microspores (i.e., directly before the first mitotic division; Figure 2 D) [ 9 , 13 , 51 ]. Nurhidayah et al [ 38 ] achieved the best results with anthers of distant hybrids that carried early uninucleate microspores ( Figure 2 C).…”