Plant Regeneration from Hairy Roots of Apple Rootstock, Malus prunifolia Borkh. var. ringo Asami, Strain Nagano No.1, Transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes

Production of dwarf potted gentian using wild-type Agrobacterium rhizogenes

“…Although a number of transgene-introduced gentian plants have been produced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, the problem of transgene silencing (Mishiba et al 2005) and delicate situation surrounding GMO development in Japan (Watanabe 2003) have hindered the production of commercial cultivars of transgenic gentian. Another approach for introducing genetic variation is Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation (Tepfer 1984;Otani et al 1993;Hoshino and Mii 1998;Yamashita et al 2004). One of the advantages of this approach is that the transformants, derived from wildtype A. rhizogenes-mediated transformation (i.e.…”

Agrobacterium rhizogenes: paving the road to research and breeding for woody plants

“…A. rhizogenes not only facilitates the rooting of difficult-to-propagate plants, but also allows for the integration of foreign genes into the plant genome through binary vectors. Researchers have successfully transferred foreign genes into various woody plant species, including Larix decidua ( Huang et al., 1991 ), Alhagi pseudoalhagi , Eucalyptus camaldulensis ( Balasubramanian et al., 2011 ), Prunus ( Bosselut et al., 2011 ; Xu et al., 2020 ), Parasponia ( Cao et al., 2012 ), Trema ( Cao et al., 2012 ), Poncirus trifoliata ( Xiao et al., 2014 ), Solanum erianthum ( Sarkar et al., 2020 ), Populus ( Neb et al., 2017 ), Salix purpurea ( Gomes et al., 2019 ), Malus prunifolia ( Yamashita et al., 2004 ), and Litchi chinensis ( Qin et al., 2021 ), by infecting plant organs such as cotyledons, hypocotyls, stem segments, root segments, leaves, petioles, callus, and in vitro shoots with A. rhizogenes ( Table 1 ). The use of in vitro shoots as explants has enabled the development of composite plants, which have numerous biological applications, such as nutrient absorption, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and signal exchange between aboveground and underground plant parts.…”

“…This method has also been successfully implemented in woody plants. Using seedlings as explants, composite plants have been generated from a wide range of woody plants, including Camellia sinensis ( Alagarsamy et al., 2018 ), Discaria trinervis ( Imanishi et al., 2011 ), Persea americana ( Prabhu et al., 2017 ), Taxus baccata ( He et al., 2022 ), Carica papaya ( Hoang et al., 2022 ), Citrus ( Ma et al., 2022 ), Ailanthus altissima ( Cao et al., 2023 ), Aralia elata ( Cao et al., 2023 ), Clerodendrum chinense ( Cao et al., 2023 ), Caragana sinica ( Diouf et al., 1995 ), and Malus pumila ( Pawlicki-Jullian et al., 2002 ; Yamashita et al., 2004 ) ( Table 1 ). Although seedlings can be used as explants for woody plants, the genetic heterozygosity of these plants requires the use of a sufficient number of transformed lines to ensure the accuracy of experimental results, particularly in studies of stress resistance and other biological phenomena.…”

“…Plants regenerated from hairy roots exhibit phenotypes, including vigorous large root growth, lateral root development, root geotropism loss, loss of shoot apical dominance, internode shortening, and plant dwarfing ( Han et al., 1993 ; Yazawa et al., 1995 ; Yamashita et al., 2004 ; Zdravkovic-Korac et al., 2004 ; Wu et al., 2012 ; Rugini et al., 2015 ). These characteristics have been observed in the regenerated plants of numerous species, such as R. pseudoacacia ( Han et al., 1993 ), A. deliciosa ( Rugini et al., 1991 ), papaya ( Cabrera-Ponce et al., 1996 ), apple rootstock Jork 9 ( Pawlicki-Jullian et al., 2002 ; Yamashita et al., 2004 ; Wu et al., 2012 ), and sweet cherry ( Rugini et al., 2015 ). While the majority of research has concentrated on the initial characteristics of regenerated plants, Mehrotra et al (2013) conducted an investigation into the flowering traits of R. serpentina , a shrub characterized by a brief growth cycle ( Mehrotra et al., 2013 ).…”

Recombinant DNA Technology in Apple

“…As the various cultivars have different requirements for almost all steps, including regeneration [17] and rooting, several reports deal with special protocols for a particular cultivar [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. Not only A. tumefaciens was used for transformation; some attempts were made with A. rhizogenes [26], mainly driven by the interest in the rol genes [27].…”