Plant protection: trade and the environment

Pimentel, David

doi:10.30843/nzpp.1997.50.11338

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The use of pesticides can bring many benefits, so they have gradually become the most frequently used means of pest control or management. Pesticides can be effective in terms of investment costs, with high performance due to their structural, toxicological, and functional diversity (Pimentel, 1997). Using pesticides reduces crop damage by 40% (Richardson, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using too much pesticide in agriculture creates many consequences for public health and environmental pollution (Pimentel, 1997). The two main reasons are that more than 90% of the pesticides go to environmental destinations other than the target pests (Pimentel et al, 1991) and that all pesticides have toxicity that harms some forms of life (OHP, 2020) and ultimately affects humans in a variety of ways.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of the Health and Ecological Risks Caused by Fungicides in Chrysanthemum Cultivation by Environmental Impact Quotient

Nguyen

2023

DLU JOS

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This study uses the Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ) to assess the health and ecological risks caused by fungicides used in chrysanthemum cultivation upstream of Xuan Huong Lake, Da Lat city. Survey results reveal that 134 farmers use 21 fungicides with 18 active ingredients on a total area of 35.2 hectares. In all, 18 fungicides with an EIQ at the level of “unlikely to be hazardous” (EIQ < 25) are used on about 95% of the acreage, and 3 fungicides with an EIQ of “slightly hazardous” (25 < EIQ < 50) are used on the rest of the area. The Field Use EIQ of fungicide was rated very low in only 8.2% of the survey area and moderate in 48%. Areas with high and very high ratings account for 3% and 41%, respectively. Using fungicides according to the instructions can reduce the Field Use EIQ values in cultivated areas by 38% and return areas with high and moderate ratings to a low rating. Therefore, it is necessary to instruct farmers on the safe use of fungicides and to recommend those with low EIQ values for chrysanthemum cultivation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Health and Ecological Risks Caused by Fungicides in Chrysanthemum Cultivation by Environmental Impact Quotient

Nguyen

2023

DLU JOS

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“…Although the first record of pesticide use dated back to 2500 BC, it is only in the last century that pesticide chemicals have been used extensively worldwide [1]. Pesticides have steadily become indispensably the most frequently used means of pest control/management for several reasons: they are mostly cost-effective; they have high return on investment [2]; they have high structural, toxicological and functional diversity; they offer multipurpose management options; they have wide-spectrum efficacy; and they allow high flexibility and better timing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health and environmental impacts of pesticides: A responsibility principle and two novel systems for hazard classification and external cost determination

Ibrahim¹

2016

J Toxicol Health

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Environmental policies built on the principles of 'Extended Producer Responsibility' (EPR) have spread to cover multiple categories of products and their containers or packages. Although pesticides are genuinely hazardous to human health and the environment, their negative impacts/externalities have not been targeted by these policies. In this manuscript, the author proposes an overarching 'toxi-economic' principle called the 'Extended Pesticide Producer and User Responsibility' (EPPUR) that justifiably assigns responsibility to the imposer(s) of health and environmental impacts of pesticides throughout their life cycles. The producer, sometimes the importer, should solely bear the upstream responsibility (toxicological, physical, informative, financial, legal, etc.) of the negative impacts of pesticides from the time of their production till their end-of-life. However, the downstream (post-consumption phase) responsibility should be distributed between the producer and the consumer/user. Because it is mostly related to toxicological impacts, the producer rather than the user responsibility is hard to be economically assessed. In an attempt to monetize the toxicological impacts of 'individual' pesticides on human health and the environment, the author establishes a novel 'Pesticide Negative Externality Assessment' (PNEA) system which customizes the 'undifferentiated' baseline cost to an 'individual' cost using the environmental impact quotient (EIQ). This system establishes Euro 0.303 to be the standard external cost for each EIQ unit. By knowing the EIQ value of any pesticide, one can easily calculate its external cost and use it to levy the producer for the health and environmental externality caused by any amount of this pesticide. Finally the author proposes a novel EIQ-based hazard classification and color-coding system to possibly replace or complement the WHO/FAO system which is limitedly based on the mammalian acute toxicity.

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Plant protection: trade and the environment

Cited by 2 publications

References 23 publications

Assessment of the Health and Ecological Risks Caused by Fungicides in Chrysanthemum Cultivation by Environmental Impact Quotient

Assessment of the Health and Ecological Risks Caused by Fungicides in Chrysanthemum Cultivation by Environmental Impact Quotient

Health and environmental impacts of pesticides: A responsibility principle and two novel systems for hazard classification and external cost determination

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