Plant Organellar MSH1 Is a Displacement Loop–Specific Endonuclease

Abstract

MSH1 is an organellar targeted protein that obstructs ectopic recombination and the accumulation of mutations in plant organellar genomes. MSH1 also modulates the epigenetic status of nuclear DNA, and its absence induces a variety of phenotypic responses. MSH1 is a member of the MutS family of DNA mismatch repair proteins but harbors an additional GIY-YIG nuclease domain that distinguishes it from the rest of this family. How MSH1 hampers recombination and promotes fidelity in organellar DNA inheritance is unknown. Here, we elucidate its enzymatic activities by recombinantly expressing and purifying full-length MSH1 from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtMSH1). AtMSH1 is a metalloenzyme that shows a strong binding affinity for displacement loops (D-loops). The DNA binding abilities of AtMSH1 reside in its MutS domain and not in its GIY-YIG domain, which is the ancillary nickase of AtMSH1. In the presence of divalent metal ions, AtMSH1 selectively executes multiple incisions at D-loops, but not other DNA structures including Holliday junctions or dsDNA, regardless of the presence or absence of mismatches. The selectivity of AtMSH1 to dismantle D-loops supports the role of this enzyme in preventing recombination between short repeats. Our results suggest that plant organelles have evolved novel DNA repair routes centered around the anti-recombinogenic activity of MSH1.

Disruption of recombination machinery alters the mutational landscape in plant organellar genomes

“…2022). Assays conducted on purified MSH1 in vitro have found that it has DNA binding and endonuclease activity with affinity for displacement loops (D-loops) (Peñafiel-Ayala et al . 2023).…”

“…Plant MSH1 is a chimeric fusion of a mutS gene with a GIY-YIG endonuclease domain ( Abdelnoor et al 2006 ) that has been proposed to introduce breaks in organellar DNA at the site of mismatches, which would then be repaired through homologous recombination ( Christensen 2014 , 2018 ; Ayala-García et al 2018 ; Broz et al 2022 ). Assays conducted on purified MSH1 in vitro have found that it has DNA binding and endonuclease activity with affinity for displacement loops (D-loops) ( Peñafiel-Ayala et al 2023 ).…”