Plant Growth Regulator Selection and Application Rate Influence Annual Bluegrass Control in Creeping Bentgrass Putting Greens

Baldwin, Christian M.; Brede, A. Douglas

doi:10.1094/ats-2011-0517-02-rs

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Fenoxaprop-p controlled smooth crabgrass 95% and greater than all other treatments (Table 2). However, fenoxaprop-p was the only treatment that significantly increased creeping bentgrass injury DOT 20 compared to creeping bentgrass during summer heat (Baldwin and Brede 2011), visible evidence of creeping bentgrass injury was not apparent in the current study.…”

Section: Field Evaluation Of Smooth Crabgrass and Creeping Bentgrass ...contrasting

confidence: 70%

Plant growth regulators differentially suppress goosegrass and smooth crabgrass in creeping bentgrass turf

Peppers,

McElroy,

Askew

2024

Weed Technol

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Goosegrass and smooth crabgrass control in creeping bentgrass is difficult due to a lack of selective herbicides. Based on preliminary field observations, we hypothesized that paclobutrazol and flurprimidol would reduce the overall competitiveness of goosegrass and smooth crabgrass in creeping bentgrass. Greenhouse and field studies were designed to evaluate the effect of several plant growth regulators (PGRs) on goosegrass and smooth crabgrass competitive indices. In greenhouse studies, flurprimidol, paclobutrazol, trinexapac-ethyl, and prohexadione-calcium were applied either preemergence only or preemergence plus two biweekly postemergence applications to goosegrass and smooth crabgrass plants to simulate the first 1.5 months of typical PGR programs utilized on golf courses. Two wk after the final postemergence treatment, above-ground biomass, and root biomass were recorded. Programmatic flurprimidol and paclobutrazol applications reduced smooth crabgrass above-ground biomass 67 and 69%, respectively, and more than trinexapac ethyl or prohexadione-calcium. When averaged across application programs, flurprimidol and paclobutrazol reduced smooth crabgrass root biomass 74% and goosegrass biomass 73-80%. Field studies were established to further evaluate the influence of PGR on smooth crabgrass coverage in creeping bentgrass turf. Treatments consisting of flurprimidol, trinexapac-ethyl, flurprimidol plus trinexapac-ethyl, paclobutrazol, and fenoxaprop-p were applied every three wk from April to August. Weed coverage data were collected throughout the growing season, and final smooth crabgrass control data were collected at the end of the season. In general, flurprimidol-containing treatments more effectively reduced smooth crabgrass coverage throughout the growing season than trinexapac ethyl. After the studies, flurprimidol containing programs controlled smooth crabgrass 68-73%, greater than any other PGR program evaluated. Results from these studies indicate flurprimidol may be used to control smooth crabgrass or goosegrass in creeping bentgrass turf effectively. These are the first reported data regarding the use of flurprimidol for smooth crabgrass or goosegrass control in turf.

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Section: Field Evaluation Of Smooth Crabgrass and Creeping Bentgrass ...contrasting

confidence: 70%

Plant growth regulators differentially suppress goosegrass and smooth crabgrass in creeping bentgrass turf

Peppers,

McElroy,

Askew

2024

Weed Technol

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“…Few reports are available on season‐long applications to control ABG on putting greens in cooler climates. Two years of season‐long applications of paclobutrazol or flurprimidol made at 2‐week intervals increased CBG cover up to 39% in CBG–ABG putting greens in Idaho and Washington (Baldwin and Brede, 2011). In this same study, season‐long applications of the commercially available combination of flurprimidol + trinexapac‐ethyl provided marginal to no control of ABG depending on rate and location.…”

Section: Useful Conversionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Annual Bluegrass Control on Putting Greens from Three or Four Years of Season‐long Applications of Herbicides or Plant Growth Regulators in Three States

Reicher

Sousek

Patton

et al. 2015

Crop Forage & Turfgrass Mgmt

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Annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) may be the most troublesome and studied weed on golf courses in the United States. Given the genetic variability of annual bluegrass and its ability to adapt to different environments, it is important to understand how control methods vary across environments or regions. Our objective was to evaluate seven season‐long regimes of herbicide or growth regulators for annual bluegrass control in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera Huds.) putting greens over 3 or 4 years in three states in the midwestern United States. Depending on the product, applications were made as often as every 2 weeks from April through September. Effectiveness of treatments varied widely by location and time, with treatments most effective in Indiana and Nebraska. Paclobutrazol was the most effective plant growth regulator for annual bluegrass control, followed closely by flurprimidol. Intermediate at reducing annual bluegrass was flurprimidol + trinexapac‐ethyl and trinexapac‐ethyl was ineffective. Among herbicides, the now discontinued experimental cumyluron was most effective and four applications of bispyribac‐sodium at 2 oz/acre every 2 weeks in August and September was more effective than 1 oz/acre applied every 2 weeks from May through September or applications of cumyluron. Though a number of products will reduce annual bluegrass on golf greens, overall control was relatively low, reinforcing the need to maximize cultural practices before attempting chemical control. Furthermore, our results reinforce the importance of superintendents’ experimenting and refining treatment regimes in their specific location to maximize efficacy.

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“…Twelve applications/year of paclobutrazol, a PGR that inhibits gibberellic acid, was the most effective of the seven treatments in Indiana and Michigan but was in the second tier of performers in Nebraska. Other recent work on golf course putting greens height turf in the US Pacific Northwest also showed that efficacy of growth regulators for ABG control varies among locations (Baldwin and Brede, 2011). Therefore, multi-location experiments must still be done if we hope to develop ABG control programs effective across different growing environments and biotypes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Efficacy of Annual Bluegrass Control Strategies on Golf Course Putting Greens

Patton

Braun

Schortgen

et al. 2019

Crop, Forage & Turfgrass Management

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Aerification of golf course putting greens in the summer rather than in the early fall does not decrease annual bluegrass cover.• Monthly applications of iron sulfate were ineffective at reducing annual bluegrass.• Methiozolin, paclobutrazol, or bispyribac-sodium provided the greatest reduction of annual bluegrass when used over multiple years. AbstractAnnual bluegrass (Poa annua L.; ABG) is among the most common weeds of highly maintained turf in the United States. Though many labeled active ingredients exist for control in golf course fairways, few labeled options exist for putting greens. Further, ABG has demonstrated resistance to several herbicide modes of action commonly used on fairway turf. The use of a systems approach coupling cultural and chemical controls with diverse modes of action could limit the potential for further ABG resistance development. Our objective was to evaluate a systems approach to ABG control on putting greens by examining seven season-long programs of plant growth regulators, herbicides, and/or iron sulfate fertilizer with July or September hollow tine aerification over 2 or 4 years in three Midwestern US states. Aerification timing did not influence annual bluegrass cover at any of the three locations. The effectiveness of season-long treatments varied by location, but methiozolin, paclobutrazol, or bispyribac-sodium consistently reduced ABG. Monthly applications of iron sulfate alone did not effectively control ABG. Several treatments reduced ABG, but none completely removed annual bluegrass. Currently, methiozolin and bispyribac-sodium are not registered for use on putting greens in the US but show potential to control ABG. As such, paclobutrazol was the most effective product of those tested that is currently available for use on US putting greens. Future availability of herbicides such as methiozolin and bispyribac-sodium would provide needed options to allow for the rotation or addition of multiple-control strategies in an ABG control system to limit resistance development.

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Plant Growth Regulator Selection and Application Rate Influence Annual Bluegrass Control in Creeping Bentgrass Putting Greens

Cited by 7 publications

References 12 publications

Plant growth regulators differentially suppress goosegrass and smooth crabgrass in creeping bentgrass turf

Plant growth regulators differentially suppress goosegrass and smooth crabgrass in creeping bentgrass turf

Annual Bluegrass Control on Putting Greens from Three or Four Years of Season‐long Applications of Herbicides or Plant Growth Regulators in Three States

Long-Term Efficacy of Annual Bluegrass Control Strategies on Golf Course Putting Greens

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