Plant growth regulator and low‐dose herbicide programs for annual bluegrass seedhead suppression in fairway and athletic‐height turf

Peppers, John M.; Brewer, John R.; Askew, Shawn D.

doi:10.1002/agj2.20556

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…These results are consistent with those observed after flumioxazin and oxadiazon were applied during mid-bermudagrass-transition on non-putting green, hybrid bermudagrass (Johnson 1976;Reed and McCullough 2014;Reed et al 2015). Additionally, these results align with preliminary reports of endothall activity on fairway-height hybrid bermudagrass, in which endothall applications were more injurious to hybrid bermudagrass when applied at higher rates to actively growing hybrid bermudagrass (Peppers and Askew 2022). Methiozolin applied at 1,000 g ai ha −1 at site-years MT3 and MT5 was the only treatment outside of endothall to significantly reduce hybrid bermudagrass NDVI relative to the nontreated control.…”

Section: Hybrid Bermudagrass Tolerance To Herbicides Applied During M...supporting

confidence: 89%

“…Endothall is currently registered in Australia for annual bluegrass control in turf systems with no restrictions against its use on hybrid bermudagrass golf greens (Anonymous 2020). Endothall's effectiveness to control annual bluegrass has been limited by cool-season turfgrass phytotoxicity (Peppers et al 2021). Although peer-reviewed studies have not reported endothall effects on bermudagrass turf in managed turf systems, bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon L.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Barua et al (2020) found that all annual bluegrass populations screened in Australia were resistant to endothall. However, in the study by Barua et al, the susceptible comparison was controlled by 50% with a single application of endothall at less than half of the rate that was applied thrice to sublethally suppress annual bluegrass seedheads in other studies (Peppers et al 2021). Therefore, higher dosages of endothall may acceptably control annual bluegrass with lower risks for resistance development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Herbicide effects on dormant and postdormant hybrid bermudagrass putting green turf

Peppers,

Askew

2023

Weed Technol

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Herbicide resistance coupled with a dearth of selective herbicide options has increased complexity of annual bluegrass control in hybrid bermudagrass putting greens. Cumyluron, endothall, and methiozolin are herbicides that have controlled annual bluegrass by inhibiting sites of action that are novel compared to herbicides currently used for turfgrass management in the US. However, peer-reviewed literature has no information on hybrid bermudagrass putting green tolerance to these herbicides. Sixteen field studies were established on eight golf greens in Midlothian, VA, in 2021 and 2022 to evaluate effects of cumyluron, endothall, methiozolin, pronamide and trifloxysulfuron on bermudagrass spring transition. The 16 studies were split equally between initiation during full dormancy versus mid-spring transition. Methiozolin applied at 500 and 1000 g ai ha-1 typically increased the heat units (growing degree days with a base temperature of 15 C) required for hybrid bermudagrass to visibly achieve 90% green coverage (T90) when applied to fully dormant hybrid bermudagrass. This delay in green coverage was more pronounced at sites where hybrid bermudagrass vigor was seemingly reduced via abiotic stressors. Endothall was generally more injurious than all other treatments when applied to hybrid bermudagrass during mid-transition. Endothall applied at 840 g ai ha-1 injured hybrid bermudagrass for 0 to 9 d over a threshold of 30% (DOT30), depending on location. In two site-years characterized by increased abiotic stress, methiozolin applied at 1000 g ai ha-1 caused 44 DOT30. Cumyluron never injured hybrid bermudagrass over 30% or delayed T90 regardless of application timing. These results indicate methiozolin should only be applied within labeled rates to actively growing hybrid bermudagrass putting greens, cumyluron can be safely applied at 6450 g ai ha-1 on dormant or actively growing bermudagrass greens, and endothall applications should be limited to dormant bermudagrass greens unless transient phytotoxicity is acceptable.

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Section: Hybrid Bermudagrass Tolerance To Herbicides Applied During M...supporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Herbicide effects on dormant and postdormant hybrid bermudagrass putting green turf

Peppers,

Askew

2023

Weed Technol

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“…The pest management practices that golf course superintendents rely on the most were plant growth regulators (PGRs) and biological control practices, although reliance on biological control practices declined by nearly 50% from 2015 to 2021. Plant growth regulators have been shown to suppress weeds (Beam and Askew 2017), suppress seed head production (Peppers et al 2020), and occasionally reduce disease severity (Inguagiato et al 2010). Many PGRs are naturally occurring and possess a nontoxic mode of action (i.e., gibberellins, indole-3-butyric acid, and ethylene) and, thus, are not classified as conventional pesticides but rather biological pesticides by the US Environmental Protection Agency (Reilly et al 2002).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey of Pest Management Practices on US Golf Courses

Shaddox

Unruh

Johnson

et al. 2023

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Integrated pest management (IPM) is an important component of golf course maintenance and includes conventional chemical pesticide use as well as nonchemical cultural management practices. Determining how frequent pest management practices are used on golf courses is critical when developing educational and outreach programs. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of pest management practices and pesticide mixing and storage facilities on US golf courses. A survey was sent to 14,033 operational US golf facilities with 10% responding. Reliance on all conventional chemical pesticides increased from 2015 to 2021. The reliance on biological control products declined to 14% and reliance on the nonpesticide practice of using plant growth regulators remained equivalent to 2015. The most common pest management practices included monitoring weather patterns and scouting for pests, with 93% of golf facilities reporting the use of both. The use of written IPM and pesticide application plans increased from 44% to 63% of golf facilities between 2015 and 2021, respectively. Generally, mixing and storage facilities remained unchanged from 2015 to 2021. US golf facilities continue to use nonchemical pest management practices, but reliance on chemical pesticides has increased.

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“…Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are regularly utilized for turfgrass growth suppression, increasing turfgrass green color, enhancing abiotic stress tolerance, increasing turfgrass stand density, and reduced plant water usage (Baldwin et al 2009;Beam and Askew 2005;King et al 1997;McCarty et al 2011;McCullough et al 2005). Paclobutrazol, ethephon, and flurprimidol are also regularly utilized for selective annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) seedhead suppression (Askew 2017;Peppers et al 2021;Reicher et al 2020) or control (Johnson and Murphy 1995;Reicher et al 2015) in turf. These PGRs reduce the competitive advantage of annual bluegrass relative to creeping bentgrass (Johnson and Murphy 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant growth regulators differentially suppress goosegrass and smooth crabgrass in creeping bentgrass turf

Peppers,

McElroy,

Askew

2024

Weed Technol

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Goosegrass and smooth crabgrass control in creeping bentgrass is difficult due to a lack of selective herbicides. Based on preliminary field observations, we hypothesized that paclobutrazol and flurprimidol would reduce the overall competitiveness of goosegrass and smooth crabgrass in creeping bentgrass. Greenhouse and field studies were designed to evaluate the effect of several plant growth regulators (PGRs) on goosegrass and smooth crabgrass competitive indices. In greenhouse studies, flurprimidol, paclobutrazol, trinexapac-ethyl, and prohexadione-calcium were applied either preemergence only or preemergence plus two biweekly postemergence applications to goosegrass and smooth crabgrass plants to simulate the first 1.5 months of typical PGR programs utilized on golf courses. Two wk after the final postemergence treatment, above-ground biomass, and root biomass were recorded. Programmatic flurprimidol and paclobutrazol applications reduced smooth crabgrass above-ground biomass 67 and 69%, respectively, and more than trinexapac ethyl or prohexadione-calcium. When averaged across application programs, flurprimidol and paclobutrazol reduced smooth crabgrass root biomass 74% and goosegrass biomass 73-80%. Field studies were established to further evaluate the influence of PGR on smooth crabgrass coverage in creeping bentgrass turf. Treatments consisting of flurprimidol, trinexapac-ethyl, flurprimidol plus trinexapac-ethyl, paclobutrazol, and fenoxaprop-p were applied every three wk from April to August. Weed coverage data were collected throughout the growing season, and final smooth crabgrass control data were collected at the end of the season. In general, flurprimidol-containing treatments more effectively reduced smooth crabgrass coverage throughout the growing season than trinexapac ethyl. After the studies, flurprimidol containing programs controlled smooth crabgrass 68-73%, greater than any other PGR program evaluated. Results from these studies indicate flurprimidol may be used to control smooth crabgrass or goosegrass in creeping bentgrass turf effectively. These are the first reported data regarding the use of flurprimidol for smooth crabgrass or goosegrass control in turf.

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Plant growth regulator and low‐dose herbicide programs for annual bluegrass seedhead suppression in fairway and athletic‐height turf

Abstract: I n t e g r a t e d Tu r f g r a s s M a n a g e m e n t : We e d B i o l o g y a n d C o n t r o l

Cited by 3 publications

References 18 publications

Herbicide effects on dormant and postdormant hybrid bermudagrass putting green turf

Herbicide effects on dormant and postdormant hybrid bermudagrass putting green turf

Survey of Pest Management Practices on US Golf Courses

Plant growth regulators differentially suppress goosegrass and smooth crabgrass in creeping bentgrass turf

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