Plant–Fungi Interactions: Where It Goes?

Abstract

Fungi live different lifestyles—including pathogenic and symbiotic—by interacting with living plants. Recently, there has been a substantial increase in the study of phytopathogenic fungi and their interactions with plants. Symbiotic relationships with plants appear to be lagging behind, although progressive. Phytopathogenic fungi cause diseases in plants and put pressure on survival. Plants fight back against such pathogens through complicated self-defense mechanisms. However, phytopathogenic fungi develop virulent responses to overcome plant defense reactions, thus continuing their deteriorative impacts. Symbiotic relationships positively influence both plants and fungi. More interestingly, they also help plants protect themselves from pathogens. In light of the nonstop discovery of novel fungi and their strains, it is imperative to pay more attention to plant–fungi interactions. Both plants and fungi are responsive to environmental changes, therefore construction of their interaction effects has emerged as a new field of study. In this review, we first attempt to highlight the evolutionary aspect of plant–fungi interactions, then the mechanism of plants to avoid the negative impact of pathogenic fungi, and fungal strategies to overcome the plant defensive responses once they have been invaded, and finally the changes of such interactions under the different environmental conditions.

The future of foods

“…56 Importantly, they also interact under changing environmental conditions which makes the understanding of these interactions indispensable for future sustainable food production. 56 For example, it has been shown that ingestion of a symbiont does not preclude the evolution of beneficial interactions beyond simply host nutrition. 57 It was also hypothesized that fungi may interact as necessary symbionts with members of other human microbiome communities.…”

Analysis and prediction of rubber tree phenological changes during Pestalotiopsis infection using Sentinel-2 imagery and random forest

“…Extreme temperatures cause stress in plants, making them more susceptible to infections. 48 Temperature fluctuations can also affect the fungus's growth rate and development, as well as the host plants'. High humidity can create an ideal microclimate for fungal growth.…”

“…Environmental stressors, such as intense rainfall or flooding, have the potential to accelerate disease spread by creating favorable conditions for spore dispersal and germination. 48,49 In contrast, prolonged periods of drought have the potential to diminish the vitality of plants and render them more vulnerable to infections. 50,51 The vegetation index is an effective tool for assessing plant health in relation to Pestalotiopsis disease.…”

Synthesis and Antifungal Activity of 2‐(2‐Benzoxazolyl)‐1‐arylethanone and 2‐(2‐Benzoxazolyl)‐1‐alkylethanone Derivatives

“…[1] They exist in any tissue at any stage of plant growth [2][3] and causes diseases in the plant itself through interactions with the plant, leading to a significant reduction in yield and quality in agriculture. [4][5] The use of fungicides is a major method to control plant pathogens, [6] but long-term use has led to problems such as drug residues, resistance, and environmental pollution. [7][8] Therefore, there is an urgent need to find new fungicides with high efficiency, low toxicity and no residue.…”

“…Plant pathogenic fungi have a very important impact on agricultural production [1] . They exist in any tissue at any stage of plant growth [2–3] and causes diseases in the plant itself through interactions with the plant, leading to a significant reduction in yield and quality in agriculture [4–5] . The use of fungicides is a major method to control plant pathogens, [6] but long‐term use has led to problems such as drug residues, resistance, and environmental pollution [7–8] .…”