Plant Extract of Limonium gmelinii Attenuates Oxidative Responses in Neurons, Astrocytes, and Cerebral Endothelial Cells In Vitro and Improves Motor Functions of Rats after Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

Abstract

There are numerous publications demonstrating that plant polyphenols can reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory processes in the brain. In the present study we have investigated the neuroprotective effect of plant extract isolated from the roots of L. gmelinii since it contains a rich source of polyphenols and other biologically active compounds. We have applied an oxidative and inflammatory model induced by NMDA, H2O2, and TNF-α in human primary neurons and astrocytes, and mouse cerebral endothelial cell (CECs) line in vitro. The levels of ROS generation, NADPH oxidase activation, P-selectin expression, and activity of ERK1/2 were evaluated by quantitative immunofluorescence analysis, confocal microscopy, and MAPK assay. In vivo, sensorimotor functions in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) were assessed. In neurons NMDA induced overproduction of ROS, in astrocytes TNF-α initiated ROS generation, NADPH oxidase activation, and phosphorylation of ERK1/2. In CECs, the exposure by TNF-α induced oxidative stress and triggered the accumulation of P-selectin on the surface of the cells. In turn, pre-treatment of the cells with the extract of L. gmelinii suppressed oxidative stress in all cell types and pro-inflammatory responses in astrocytes and CECs. In vivo, the treatment with L. gmelinii extract improved motor activity in rats with MCAO.

Integrated genomic, proteomic and cognitive assessment in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy suggest astrocyte centric pathology

“…We have compiled these relationships into a novel astrocyte-centric model for DMD and AD ( Fig. 6 ) [ [69] , [70] , [71] , [72] , [73] , [74] , [75] , [76] , [77] , [78] , [79] , [80] , [81] , [82] , [83] , [84] , [85] , [86] , [87] ], which may further pave the way toward novel therapeutic approaches targeting reactive astrocytes [ 74 ] to overcome the cognitive dysfunction associated with DMD.

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Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammation Activities of Ethanol Extract From Seablite (Suaeda Maritima) Root

“…The Limonium root extracts had found as active inhibitors of key enzymes such as, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, amylase, tyrosinase and glucosidase, which are play roles in various diseases [20]. In addition, L. gmelinii root extract had protective responded to oxidative stress in brain and can improve motor functions both in vitro and in vivo model [21]. Hence, we are suggested that further studies will be conduct on evaluation of key enzyme inhibition by S. maritima root and its bioactive compound characterizations.…”

Phytochemical Profiles and In Vitro Immunomodulatory Activities of Extracts Obtained from Limonium gmelinii Using Different Extraction Methods

“…As such, preclinical tests of an extract from L. gmelinii roots showed its antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, antimutagenic, antitumor, and antiviral properties [16,17]. It has also been shown that extracts from the roots and rhizomes of L. gmelinii protect neurons, astrocytes, and cerebral endothelial cells from oxidative and inflammatory responses in vitro and improve motor functions after ischemic stroke in vivo [18]. Data on the antidiabetic, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory properties of lignanamides isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of L. gmelinii roots [19].…”

“…Flavonoids were one of the major classes of compounds observed in the extracts. The tentative characterization of flavonoids was performed on the basis of our previous in-house report [18]. Gallocatechin, apigenin, quercetin, and myricetin derivatives, as well as their aglycone fragment ions, were the main flavonoids, as shown in Table 2.…”