Plant-Derived Nanobiomaterials as a Potential Next Generation Dental Implant Surface Modifier

Abstract

Dental implants resemble synthetic materials, mainly designed as teeth-mimics to replace the damaged or irregular teeth. Specifically, they are demarcated as a surgical fixture of artificial implant materials, which are placed into the jawbone, and are allowed to be fused with the bone, similar to natural teeth. Dental implants may be categorized into endosteal, subperiosteal, and zygomatic classes, based on the placement of the implant “in the bone” or on top of the jawbone, under the gum tissue. In general, titanium and its alloys have found everyday applications as common, successful dental implant materials. However, these materials may also undergo corrosion and wear, which can lead to degradation into their ionic states, deposition in the surrounding tissues, as well as inflammation. Consequently, nanomaterials are recently introduced as a potential alternative to replace the conventional titanium-based dental implants. However, nanomaterials synthesized via physical and chemical approaches are either costly, non/less biocompatible, or toxic to the bone cells. Hence, biosynthesized nanomaterials, or bionanomaterials, are proposed in recent studies as potential non-toxic dental implant candidates. Further, nanobiomaterials with plant origins, such as nanocelluloses, nanometals, nanopolymers, and nanocarbon materials, are identified to possess enhanced biocompatibility, bioavailability and no/less cytotoxicity with antimicrobial efficacy at low costs and ease of fabrication. In this minireview, we present an outline of recent nanobiomaterials that are extensively investigated for dental implant applications. Additionally, we discuss their action mechanisms, applicability, and significance as dental implants, shortcomings, and future perspectives.

Nanomaterials in Dentistry: Current Applications and Future Scope

“…In addition to the advantages of metal and ceramic-based dental implants, several limitations like toxicities and corrosive behavior are also associated with them. To overcome these challenges, less toxic plant-derived biomaterials are used in the production of dental implants [ 139 ]. A recent study reported that gold NPs were photo-fabricated from aqueous bark extract of Salacia chinensis and applied in dental implants, where it was shown its biocompatibility with blood and high osseoinductive potential when evaluating the cell viability with MG-63 bone osteosarcoma cell lines [ 140 ].…”

Synthesis and characterization of plant extracted silver nanoparticles and advances in dental implant applications

“…Silver nanoparticles produced with Oleo europaea extract (white pepper oleoresin) showed increased antibacterial activity against oral infections. Because of their ability to inhibit microbial growth, they can be useful as a surface modification for traditional dental implants [ 155 , 156 , 157 ].…”

“…All of thisresearch showed that Nano biomaterials have great potential for use in dental implants.Potentially, innovative Phyto Nano biomaterials for dental implants might be more easily manufactured as a result of developments in contemporary synthesis procedures [ 155 , 156 , 157 ]. Applications of AgNPs in dental implants can be seen in Figure 10 .…”

“…Nano biomaterials made from plants are showing promise as a surface modification for dental implants, and related in vitro research is gaining traction.However, there are also several obstacles and major shortfalls in plant-mediated Nano biomaterial manufacturing.While bionanomaterials produced by plant-mediated synthesis tend to be more stable than those produced via more traditional methods, their speed of production makes them less ideal for some applications [ 157 ]. Small Ag-NP's (d < 10 nm), according to the results of a quantitative investigation, display strong suppression of antibacterial activity due to its increased release of Ag-NP's ions.…”

Therapeutic Applications of Metal and Metal-Oxide Nanoparticles: Dermato-Cosmetic Perspectives

“…The widespread applications of nanomaterials in biomedical sciences embody one of the paramount advancements in research targeting the utilization of submicroscopic particles. Evidently, this transcends numerous diverse domains, such as the mode of synthesis, mechanisms of vesicular carrier formation, risks and toxicity assessment, diagnostic and healing potential, source or origin of raw materials, characteristic size and charge range, among others (Jeevanandam et al, 2017;Nnaji et al, 2018;Tan et al, 2018;Tan et al, 2019;Fytianos et al, 2020;Has and Pan, 2020;Tan et al, 2020;Pan et al, 2021a;Jeevanandam et al, 2021). To highlight the perspective, one may consider the recent developments in the enhanced utilization of gold-based nanomaterials in several capacities towards generating antimicrobial actions in general, and antibacterial effects, in particular (Mutalik et al, 2020;Yougbaré et al, 2021).…”