“…Recently, the world has been striving to use antibiotic alternatives, including essential oils ( EOs ) and their nano-emulsions ( Sharma et al, 2023 ), probiotics ( Abd El‐Hack et al, 2020 ), amino acids ( Gelinski et al, 2023 ), herbal extracts ( Al-Garadi et al, 2022 ; Al-Garadi et al, 2023a ), and green nanoparticles ( Abd El-Ghany et al, 2021 ) to improve birds’ performance, control pathogens and avoid antibiotics resistance and misuse risks.…”