Plant cytochrome P450 plasticity and evolution

Abstract

The superfamily of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes plays key roles in plant evolution and metabolic diversification. This review provides a status on the CYP landscape within green algae and land plants. The 11 conserved CYP clans known from vascular plants are all present in green algae and several green algaespecific clans are recognized. Clan 71, 72, and 85 remain the largest CYP clans and include many taxaspecific CYP (sub)families reflecting emergence of linage-specific pathways. Molecular features and dynamics of CYP plasticity and evolution are discussed and exemplified by selected biosynthetic pathways. High substrate promiscuity is commonly observed for CYPs from large families, favoring retention of gene duplicates and neofunctionalization, thus seeding acquisition of new functions. Elucidation of biosynthetic pathways producing metabolites with sporadic distribution across plant phylogeny reveals multiple examples of convergent evolution where CYPs have been independently recruited from the same or different CYP families, to adapt to similar environmental challenges or ecological niches. Sometimes only a single or a few mutations are required for functional interconversion. A compilation of functionally characterized plant CYPs is provided online through the Plant P450 Database (erda.dk/public/vgrid/PlantP450/).

Biochemical and Physiological Plant Processes Affected by Seed Treatment with Non-Thermal Plasma

“…Plant cells possess numerous enzymatic systems for the generation of different ROS and RONS species [ 122 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 152 ]. These activities comprise an inherent part of the normal metabolism, and the presence of ROS sensing mechanisms determines the key role of ROS in the response of plants to physiological and environmental stimuli through highly complex signal transduction processes [ 35 , 151 ].…”

Genome-Wide Identification of CYP72A Gene Family and Expression Patterns Related to Jasmonic Acid Treatment and Steroidal Saponin Accumulation in Dioscorea zingiberensis

“…CYPs can be divided into many subfamilies, and CYPs belonging to the same subfamilies have the same catalytic functions in organisms. The CYPs are mainly composed of single-family clans and multiple-family clans based on phylogenetic classification [3]. The CYP72A gene subfamily, an important component of the multiple-family clan in CYPs, catalyzes numerous crucial reactions in the biosynthesis pathway of many specialized metabolites.…”

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Homeodomain Leucine Zipper Subfamily IV (HD-ZIP IV) Gene Family in Cannabis sativa L.

“…HDZ IV transcription factors may play crucial roles in plant responses to biotic stresses by regulating specific substrates [ 51 ]. We also found that XM_030630414.1, XM_030634601.1 and XM_030649628.1 were predicted to be involved in flower development [ 52 , 53 ]. Interestingly, a putative transcription factor, bHLH63, may be regulated by a specific HDZ IV transcription factor.…”