Plant cyclins: a unified nomenclature for plant A-, B- and D-type cyclins based on sequence organization

Renaudin, Jean-Pierre; Doonan, John H.; Freeman, Donna; Hashimoto, Junji; Hirt, Heribert; Inzé, Dirk; Jacobs, Thomas; Kouchi, Hiroshi; Rouzé, Pierre; Sauter, Margret; Savouré, Arnould; Sorrell, David A.; Sundaresan, Venkatesan; Murray, James A. H.

doi:10.1007/bf00041384

Cited by 231 publications

(170 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…To examine whether the activity of NtmybA2 might be controlled by cyclins, we cotransfected BY2 protoplasts with expression plasmids for full-length NtmybA2 and expression plasmids for various tobacco cyclins. In plants, cyclins A, B, and D are encoded by multigene families, each of which is further subdivided into three to seven subfamilies on the basis of amino acid sequences and expression profiles during the cell cycle (35,36). It is believed that plants do not have cyclin E, because the Arabidopsis genome does not contain genes that are homologous to animal cyclin E. In this study, we examined the effects of cyclins from the B1-, A1-, A2-, A3-, and D3-type subfamilies from tobacco, which are herein designated CycB1, CycA1, CycA2, CycA3, and CycD3, respectively (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitotic Cyclins Stimulate the Activity of c-Myb-like Factors for Transactivation of G2/M Phase-specific Genes in Tobacco

Araki

Ito

Soyano

et al. 2004

Journal of Biological Chemistry

117

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Myb transcription factors, which contain three imperfect repeats in the Myb domain, are evolutionarily conserved members of the Myb superfamily. Vertebrate Myb proteins with three repeats, c-Myb, A-Myb, and BMyb, play important roles at the G 1 /S transition in the cell cycle. In plants, this type of Myb protein controls the G 2 /M phase by activating or repressing the transcription of cyclin B genes and a variety of other G 2 /M phasespecific genes. In tobacco, two genes for Myb activators, NtmybA1 and NtmybA2, are transcriptionally controlled and are expressed specifically at the G 2 /M phase. As we showed here, in addition to the control at the transcriptional level, activity of NtmybA2 is also controlled at the post-translational level. We found that the transactivation potential of NtmybA2 is repressed by a regulatory domain located at its carboxyl terminus and that specific classes of cyclins A and B enhanced NtmybA2 activity possibly by relieving this inhibitory effect. Mutations at the 20 potential sites of phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) in NtmybA2 blocked the enhancing effects of the cyclins on NtmybA2 activity. Recombinant NtmybA2 was phosphorylated in vitro by a CDK fraction prepared from tobacco BY2 cells. The kinase activity for NtmybA2 in the CDK fraction was cell cycle-regulated in BY2 cells, peaking at the G 2 /M phase when the level of transcripts of cyclin B is maximal. Taken together, our data suggest that NtmybA2 is phosphorylated by a specific cyclin/CDK complex(es) at G 2 /M and that this phosphorylation removes the inhibitory effect of its C-terminal region, thereby activating NtmybA2 specifically at G 2 /M.In the eukaryotic cell cycle, molecular events occur in a well-defined and reproducible sequence. The periodic activation at the transcriptional level of genes that regulate the cell cycle is fundamental to this process. In animals, transcription of several genes induced at the G 1 /S transition is mainly controlled by the E2F/DP heterodimeric transcription factors (for review, see Ref. 1). E2F-binding sequences are found in promoters from many genes that are transcribed at around the time of G 1 /S transition. Both E2F and DP factors have recently been identified in plants (for review, see Ref.2), and some reports indicate that plant E2F/DP factors play a role at the G 1 /S transition (3, 4). By contrast, different mechanisms for G 2 /M phase-specific transcription have been proposed in plants and animals. In animal cells, G 2 /M phase-specific transcription is mainly regulated by two repressor elements known as cell cycle-dependent elements (CDE) and cell cycle gene homology region (CHR) (for review, see Ref. 5). These elements are found in the promoters of various G 2 /M phase-specific genes, which include cdc25C (6), polo-like kinase (7), aurora A (8), and cyclin B2 (9). Mutation of the CDE and CHR elements allows elevated transcription during G 1 and consequent loss of cell cycle-regulated expression. In plants, G 2 /M phase-specific genes do not contain these rep...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitotic Cyclins Stimulate the Activity of c-Myb-like Factors for Transactivation of G2/M Phase-specific Genes in Tobacco

Araki

Ito

Soyano

et al. 2004

Journal of Biological Chemistry

117

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“…Mature silique dimensions were determined by using a digital micrometer. To detect the influence of the ppd mutation on cell proliferation, a CYCB1,1::GUS reporter gene (29) was introgressed into WT and mutant backgrounds. Histochemical detection of GUS activity was carried out as described by Donnelly et al (1).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

PEAPOD regulates lamina size and curvature in Arabidopsis

White

2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

257

349

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Although a complex pattern of interspersed cell proliferation and cell differentiation is known to occur during leaf blade development in eudicot plants, the genetic mechanisms coordinating this growth are unclear. In Arabidopsis, deletion of the PEAPOD (PPD) locus increases leaf lamina size and results in dome-shaped rather than flat leaves. Siliques are also altered in shape because of extra lamina growth. The curvature of a ⌬ppd leaf reflects the difference between excess growth of the lamina and a limitation to the extension capacity of its perimeter. Excess lamina growth in ⌬ppd plants is due to a prolonged phase of dispersed meristematic cell (DMC) proliferation (for example, the meristemoid and procambium cells that form stomatal stem cells and vascular cells, respectively) during blade development. The PPD locus is composed of two homologous genes, PPD1 and PPD2, which encode plantspecific putative DNA-binding proteins. Overexpression of PPD reduces lamina size by promoting the early arrest of DMC proliferation during leaf and silique development. Therefore, by regulating the arrest of DMC proliferation, the PPD genes coordinate tissue growth, modulate lamina size, and limit curvature of the leaf blade. I propose a revised model of leaf development with two cell-cycle arrest fronts progressing from the tip to the base: the known primary front, which determines arrest of general cell proliferation, followed by a secondary front that involves PPD and arrests DMC division.cell proliferation ͉ coordinated growth ͉ leaf development

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“…As shown in Figure 6A, R2 (encoding a cyclin-dependent kinase-activating kinase, which regulates S-phase progression and controls cell division [34]) expression was three times higher in lc2-1 plants compared to WT, which was restored to normal level by complementary expression of LC2. Analysis of the expression of CDKA;1 and CDKA;2 (two known cdc2 protein kinases; CDKA;2 is possibly responsible for the induction of G 1 -to S-phase transition [35,36]) revealed that the pattern of CDKA;2 was similar to R2 ( Figure 6A, upper panel), whereas the transcript level of CDKA;1 was not obviously altered ( Figure 6A, bottom panel). However, H4, H3 (two molecular markers for the S phase [36]), and EXPB6 (a member of the β-expansin gene family critical for cell elongation in deep water rice [37]) expressions were not obviously altered in the lc2-1 mutant ( Figure 6A, bottom panel).…”

Section: Lc2 Is Expressed In Aerial Parts and Induced By Hormonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rice leaf inclination2, a VIN3-like protein, regulates leaf angle through modulating cell division of the collar

et al. 2010

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As an important agronomic trait, inclination of leaves is crucial for crop architecture and grain yields. To understand the molecular mechanism controlling rice leaf angles, one rice leaf inclination2 (lc2, three alleles) mutant was identified and functionally characterized. Compared to wild-type plants, lc2 mutants have enlarged leaf angles due to increased cell division in the adaxial epidermis of lamina joint. The LC2 gene was isolated through positional cloning, and encodes a vernalization insensitive 3-like protein. Complementary expression of LC2 reversed the enlarged leaf angles of lc2 plants, confirming its role in controlling leaf inclination. LC2 is mainly expressed in the lamina joint during leaf development, and particularly, is induced by the phytohormones abscisic acid, gibberellic acid, auxin, and brassinosteroids. LC2 is localized in the nucleus and defects of LC2 result in altered expression of cell division and hormone-responsive genes, indicating an important role of LC2 in regulating leaf inclination and mediating hormone effects.

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Plant cyclins: a unified nomenclature for plant A-, B- and D-type cyclins based on sequence organization

Cited by 231 publications

References 65 publications

Mitotic Cyclins Stimulate the Activity of c-Myb-like Factors for Transactivation of G2/M Phase-specific Genes in Tobacco

Mitotic Cyclins Stimulate the Activity of c-Myb-like Factors for Transactivation of G2/M Phase-specific Genes in Tobacco

PEAPOD regulates lamina size and curvature in Arabidopsis

Rice leaf inclination2, a VIN3-like protein, regulates leaf angle through modulating cell division of the collar

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