Plant Breeding for Human Nutritional Quality

Simon, Philipp W.; Pollak, Linda M.; Clevidence, Beverly A.; Holden, Joannne M.; Haytowitz, David B.

doi:10.1002/9780470593783.ch7

Cited by 37 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 230 publications

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“…Its plentiful carotenoids make carrot an important source of provitamin A in the human diet 6 . Although carrot was a model organism to study plant development and totipotency in the 1950s 63,64 , the molecular basis of neither carrot growth nor phytochemical accumulation has been well described.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A high-quality carrot genome assembly provides new insights into carotenoid accumulation and asterid genome evolution

et al. 2016

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5 7Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. carota L.; 2n = 2x = 18) is a globally important root crop whose production has quadrupled between 1976 and 2013 (FAO Statistics; see URLs), outpacing the overall rate of increase in vegetable production and world population growth (FAO Statistics; see URLs) through development of high-value products for fresh consumption, juices, and natural pigments and cultivars adapted to warmer production regions 1 .The first documented colors for domesticated carrot root were yellow and purple in Central Asia approximately 1,100 years ago 2,3 , with orange carrots not reliably reported until the sixteenth century in Europe 4,5 . The popularity of orange carrots is fortuitous for modern consumers because the orange pigmentation results from high quantities of alpha-and beta-carotene, making carrots the richest source of provitamin A in the US diet 6 . Carrot breeding has substantially increased nutritional value, with a 50% average increase in carotene content in the United States as compared to 40 years ago 6 . Lycopene and lutein in red and yellow carrots, respectively, are also nutritionally important carotenoids, making carrot a model system to study storage root development and carotenoid accumulation.Carrot is the most important crop in the Apiaceae family, which includes numerous other vegetables, herbs, spices, and medicinal plants that enhance the epicurean experience 7 , including celery, parsnip, arracacha, parsley, fennel, coriander, and cumin. The Apiaceae family belongs to the euasterid II clade, which includes important crops such as lettuce and sunflower 8 . Genome sequences of euasterid I species have been reported, but only two genomes 9,10 have been published among the other euasterid II species.Here we report a high-quality genome assembly of a doubledhaploid orange carrot, characterization of the mechanism controlling carotenoid accumulation in storage roots, and the resequencing of 35 accessions spanning the genetic diversity of the Daucus genus. Our comprehensive genomic analyses provide insights into the evolution of the asterids and several gene families. These results will facilitate biological discovery and crop improvement in carrot and other crops.A high-quality carrot genome assembly provides new insights into carotenoid accumulation and asterid genome evolution We report a high-quality chromosome-scale assembly and analysis of the carrot (Daucus carota) genome, the first sequenced genome to include a comparative evolutionary analysis among members of the euasterid II clade. We characterized two new polyploidization events, both occurring after the divergence of carrot from members of the Asterales order, clarifying the evolutionary scenario before and after radiation of the two main asterid clades. Large- and small-scale lineage-specific duplications have contributed to the expansion of gene families, including those with roles in flowering time, defense response, flavor, and pigment accumulation. We identified a candidate gene, DCAR_032551, that conditions caro...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A high-quality carrot genome assembly provides new insights into carotenoid accumulation and asterid genome evolution

et al. 2016

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“…The predominant carotenoids are the provitamin A carotenes, that is, α‐ and β‐carotene, accounting for 13% to 40% and 45% to 80% of the carotenoids in orange carrots, respectively (Simon and Wolff 1987; Gross 1991). Early varieties of orange carrots in the United States had carotene contents in the range of 70 ppm, but breeding efforts, through phenotypic recurrent selection of roots with a darker orange color, increased that value to 90 ppm by the 1970s (Simon and others 2009). Modern spectrophotometric detection of high levels of root carotenes has allowed breeders to push the concentration above 130 ppm in typical orange and dark orange carrots, that is, high‐carotene mass, can reach 500 ppm (Simon and others 1989).…”

Section: Pigments and Other Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to α‐ and β‐carotene, some typical orange carrots have detectable levels of lutein, although modern breeding efforts have attempted to eliminate the yellow core, which was perceived as a defect (Simon and others 2009). Lutein has no provitamin A activity, but is found localized in the macular region of the eye in humans and may have importance in eye health and protection from age‐related macular degeneration (Tanumihardjo and Yang 2005).…”

Section: Pigments and Other Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Leaders of nutrition‐oriented plant breeding programs have taken this approach through increasing selection of nutrient‐rich cultivars. Plant breeding to increase the provitamin A content of selected fruits, vegetable, and staple crops is a strategy that could impact increased vitamin A consumption (Simon and others 2009). Genetic and breeding efforts have increased total carotenoid content, β‐carotene, and lycopene for carrot, tomato, pepper, potato, muskmelons, squash (including pumpkin), sweet potato, maize, cassava, and lettuce (Simon and others 2009).…”

Section: Food‐based Approaches To Increase Carotene Intakementioning

confidence: 99%

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Carrots of Many Colors Provide Basic Nutrition and Bioavailable Phytochemicals Acting as a Functional Food

Arscott¹,

Tanumihardjo²

2010

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

248

147

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Hippocrates, a philosopher who lived from 460 to 359 BC is often quoted as saying, "Let your food be thy medicine and your medicine be thy food." Having lived just shy of a century at a time when life expectancies were much less, he must have understood the importance of a healthy diet. A diet high in fruit and vegetables has been linked to optimal health in a variety of studies. One vegetable that has gained popularity is the carrot due in part to the introduction of "cut & peel" convenience packages. Although most people in the United States know carrots as an orange vegetable that can be eaten raw or in a variety of cooked dishes, original carrots were yellow and purple. These carrot varieties are currently undergoing phenotypic recurrent selection to improve the profile of compounds considered to be beneficial. This process is called biofortification, which has increased provitamin A content by >40% since 1970. The most novel carrot produced to date is an orange-purple-red variety that not only contains provitamin A activity as ␣-and ␤-carotene, but also contains anthocyanins and the nonprovitamin A carotenoid lycopene, of which both are potent antioxidants. A functional food is one that provides benefit beyond basic nutrition. Biofortified carrots of many colors not only provide vitamin A, but may contribute to optimal health. Because supplements have not been shown to be overly beneficial, except for correcting deficiencies, whole foodbased approaches to enhance health by utilizing functional foods such as biofortified carrots should be considered.

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“…But consumer requirements for quality: appearance, shelf life, and taste, must be met. Breeding to increase consumer appeal by improving convenience and the quality factors of a moderately nutritious crop often can be a more effective approach to increase intake of shortfall nutrients (Simon et al, 2009). Nutritional quality identifiable by the consumer and available at a moderate price might induce increased consumption and thus confer an important marketing incentive for breeding activity.…”

Section: Wwwintechopencommentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiversity and Vegetable Breeding in the Light of Developments in Intellectual Property Rights

Dias¹

2011

Ecosystems Biodiversity

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Plant Breeding for Human Nutritional Quality

Cited by 37 publications

References 230 publications

A high-quality carrot genome assembly provides new insights into carotenoid accumulation and asterid genome evolution

A high-quality carrot genome assembly provides new insights into carotenoid accumulation and asterid genome evolution

Carrots of Many Colors Provide Basic Nutrition and Bioavailable Phytochemicals Acting as a Functional Food

Biodiversity and Vegetable Breeding in the Light of Developments in Intellectual Property Rights

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