Plant Biosecurity in the United states: Roles, Responsibilities, and Information Needs

Magarey, Roger D.; Colunga-Garcia, Manuel; Fieselmann, Daniel

doi:10.1525/bio.2009.59.10.9

Cited by 71 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Among the various management systems for the import of live material, quarantine and inspection has formed a continuum mainly for importing products in international trades (Magarey et al 2009). The continuum includes species identification, pest risk analysis, early warning, and follow-up supervision.…”

Section: Current Supervision Over Alien Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intentionally introduced species: more easily invited than removed

Song

Huang

et al. 2014

Biodivers Conserv

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Alien species are brought into countries world wide on a massive scale for agricultural production, ex situ conservation, landscape aesthetics, gardens, and ecosystem restoration. Unfortunately, some of these species have escaped and adversely impacted on regional as well as global biodiversity conservation and agricultural production. To reduce such risks, it is necessary to implement specific and effective measures. Since various government departments and institutions are involved in the management of alien species, it is difficult to prevent native and agroecosystems from being invaded by invited species. We propose the establishment of a supervision and inspection continuum over intentional species introduction, similar to that which exists in some countries over unintentional species introductions. Namely, a justification of the necessity to import, a risk assessment, assurances as to provision of an adequate containment facility assessment, and a damagelimitation protocol should that need to be invoked. These requirements should be satisfied before an alien species is knowingly imported, and the necessary follow-up supervision is important post-importation.

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Section: Current Supervision Over Alien Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intentionally introduced species: more easily invited than removed

Song

Huang

et al. 2014

Biodivers Conserv

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“…Emerging plant epidemics are in many cases a threat not only to global and regional food security (3) but also to the health of seminatural and pristine ecosystems (11,65,66). The rapid structural development in the regional and international connectivity due to affordable long-distance transport and outsourcing of manufacturing, as well as labor-intensive production (including horticulture [24]), is confronted from a biosecurity perspective by different countries in various ways (28,64,73,74). For many countries, the growing security risk posed by plant pathogens is likely to be exacerbated by climate changes (41,115).…”

Section: The Horticultural Trade As a Complex Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Networks in Plant Epidemiology: From Genes to Landscapes, Countries, and Continents

Moslonka‐Lefebvre¹,

Finley²,

Dorigatti³

et al. 2011

Phytopathology®

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Networks are sets of nodes connected by links in various ways (Box 1). Although the properties of random networks have already been systematically investigated in the 1960s, a growing body of literature is now using networks in a range of ecological applications, including the study and management of human, animal, and plant diseases (29,49,58,80,131) (Fig. 1). Given the generality and flexibility of the approach, network representations can be used at a variety of levels in plant pathology, from gene expression during host-pathogen interactions, to the development of plant epidemics among fields, farms, and landscapes and to trade movement of plants infected by pathogens or infested by insects among regions and countries.Network structure has profound effects on the dynamics of an epidemic within a population (51,61,127). In today's globally connected world, social and transportation networks play a crucial role in the spread of human infectious diseases (21,53,83). A network approach provides insights into the transmission of infectious diseases also in animals more generally (40,45,78,137). Although there is an increasing interdisciplinary application of networks in epidemiology, relatively little attention has been paid to these analytical approaches in plant sciences. Hence the need for this review, which aims to summarize recent progress in this rapidly developing field and to highlight research challenges specific to plant pathology.In today's plant pathology, as in other fields, there is a need for integrating investigations at the molecular, mycelium, plant, regional and international scale (9,48,102,111,118,120,132). Networks can provide such a unifying framework. They can be (i) perceived at an abstract level (e.g., fungal species occurring on the same plant species host), (ii) materialized by a physical structure (e.g., the root system of plant individuals connected by mycorrhiza, or vice versa), and (iii) underlying flows of energy, matter or information (e.g., the exchanges of knowledge, equipment and money among farmers, plant health consultants, researchers and phytopharmaceutical companies). There is increasing use of networks in ecology and epidemiology, but still relatively little application in phytopathology. Networks are sets of elements (nodes) connected in various ways by links (edges). Network analysis aims to understand system dynamics and outcomes in relation to network characteristics. Many existing natural, social, and technological networks have been shown to have small-world (local connectivity with short-cuts) and scale-free (presence of superconnected nodes) properties. In this review, we discuss how network concepts can be applied in plant pathology from the molecular to the landscape and global level. Wherever disease spread occurs not just because of passive/natural dispersion but also due to artificial movements, it makes sense to superimpose realistic models of the trade in plants on spatially explicit models of epidemic development. We provide an example of an emerging pat...

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“…Because of their potential negative impact, most of these species are subject to thorough surveys by government agencies to document the extent of their presence in the United States. CAPS is a joint Federal and State pest-detection program for exotic plant pests in the United States (Magarey et al 2009). The CAPS program targets high-priority pests that have been newly introduced into the United States or are not currently present.…”

Section: Urban Gradient Of Pest Invasionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing early detection of exotic pests in agricultural and forest ecosystems using an urban‐gradient framework

Colunga-Garcia

Magarey

Haack

et al. 2010

Ecological Applications

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Abstract. Urban areas are hubs of international transport and therefore are major gateways for exotic pests. Applying an urban gradient to analyze this pathway could provide insight into the ecological processes involved in human-mediated invasions. We defined an urban gradient for agricultural and forest ecosystems in the contiguous United States to (1) assess whether ecosystems nearer more urbanized areas were at greater risk of invasion, and (2) apply this knowledge to enhance early detection of exotic pests. We defined the gradient using the tonnage of imported products in adjacent urban areas and their distance to nearby agricultural or forest land. County-level detection reports for 39 exotic agricultural and forest pests of major economic importance were used to characterize invasions along the gradient. We found that counties with more exotic pests were nearer the urban end of the gradient. Assuming that the exotic species we analyzed represent typical invaders, then early detection efforts directed at 21-26% of U.S. agricultural and forest land would likely be able to detect 70% of invaded counties and 90% of the selected species. Applying an urban-gradient framework to current monitoring strategies should enhance early detection efforts of exotic pests, facilitating optimization in allocating resources to areas at greater risk of future invasions.

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Plant Biosecurity in the United states: Roles, Responsibilities, and Information Needs

Cited by 71 publications

References 34 publications

Intentionally introduced species: more easily invited than removed

Intentionally introduced species: more easily invited than removed

Networks in Plant Epidemiology: From Genes to Landscapes, Countries, and Continents

Enhancing early detection of exotic pests in agricultural and forest ecosystems using an urban‐gradient framework

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