Plant-Based Antidiabetic Nanoformulations: The Emerging Paradigm for Effective Therapy

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a life-threatening metabolic syndrome. Over the past few decades, the incidence of diabetes has climbed exponentially. Several therapeutic approaches have been undertaken, but the occurrence and risk still remain unabated. Several plant-derived small molecules have been proposed to be effective against diabetes and associated vascular complications via acting on several therapeutic targets. In addition, the biocompatibility of these phytochemicals increasingly enhances the interest of exploiting them as therapeutic negotiators. However, poor pharmacokinetic and biopharmaceutical attributes of these phytochemicals largely restrict their clinical usefulness as therapeutic agents. Several pharmaceutical attempts have been undertaken to enhance their compliance and therapeutic efficacy. In this regard, the application of nanotechnology has been proven to be the best approach to improve the compliance and clinical efficacy by overturning the pharmacokinetic and biopharmaceutical obstacles associated with the plant-derived antidiabetic agents. This review gives a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the nanoformulations of phytochemicals in the management of diabetes and associated complications. The effects of nanosizing on pharmacokinetic, biopharmaceutical and therapeutic profiles of plant-derived small molecules, such as curcumin, resveratrol, naringenin, quercetin, apigenin, baicalin, luteolin, rosmarinic acid, berberine, gymnemic acid, emodin, scutellarin, catechins, thymoquinone, ferulic acid, stevioside, and others have been discussed comprehensively in this review.

Botanical Medicines Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Artemisia annua, Scutellaria baicalensis, Polygonum cuspidatum, and Alchornea cordifolia Demonstrate Inhibitory Activity Against Babesia duncani

“…Stilbenes (e.g., resveratrol) and hydroxyanthraquinones (e.g., emodin) are among the active constituents of Polygonum cuspidatum that exert antibacterial properties ( Shan et al., 2008 ). The bioavailability of orally administered resveratrol and emodin is suboptimal ( Walle, 2011 ; Dong et al., 2016 ) and therefore numerous strategies have been developed to improve their pharmacokinetic profiles ( Chimento et al., 2019 ; Dewanjee et al., 2020 ). Despite its low bioavailability, resveratrol has high bioactivity which is thought to be related to extensive biotransformation in enterocytes, hepatocytes, and the gastrointestinal microbiome ( Luca et al., 2020 ).…”

Effects of Totum-63 on glucose homeostasis and postprandial glycemia: a translational study

“…Several of the identified compounds present in Totum-63 (notably: anthocyanins, oleuropein and its derivatives, chlorogenic acid, luteolin, caffeic acid, etc.) have already been studied for their effects on metabolic diseases (29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34).…”

A comprehensive review of the therapeutic potential of α‐arbutin

“…Recently, nanotherapy‐based herbal drugs (nano‐phyto therapy) have emerged as a promising strategy to overcome the poor biopharmaceutical properties of herbal and botanical ingredients including highly soluble in water, low absorption, loss of bioavailability and efficacy, poor membrane permeability, poor physicochemical stability, extensive metabolism in the gut, very low biosolubility at acidic and physiological pH, short half‐life in plasma, rapid fecal elimination, poor oral bioavailability, redox instability, etc. (Dewanjee, Chakraborty, Mukherjee, & De Feo, 2020; Murthy, Monika, Jayaprakasha, & Patil, 2018). Actually, nano‐phyto therapy has been reported as a simple, eco‐friendly, improved cellular uptake, rapid, controlled release, stable, enhanced dissolution rates, safe, cost‐effective, excellent blood stability, and novel treatment approach for synthesis of herbal nanoformulations (Thangadurai, Sangeetha, & Prasad, 2020; Sarli & Ghasemi, 2020).…”