Plant-Associated Natural Food Toxins

Colegate, Steven M.; Gardner, Dale R.; Lee, Stephen T.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-36605-5_9

Cited by 5 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Food plants in the human diet contain a considerably high concentrations of secondary metabolites that can manifest adverse effects if consumed in large amounts. Although many of the toxins are effective against insect herbivores, they may not be present in sufficient concentration to cause acute toxic effects in human who consume a modest and varied diet ( Colegate et al., 2015 ). However, the evaluation of the safety and toxicity aspects of any ingested food remains the utmost important.…”

Section: Safety and Toxicity Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, polyphenols (tannins) in some cereal grains and legumes, including red sorghum and red beans, respectively, can inhibit the absorption of nonheme iron and vitamin B 12 , directly affecting the digestibility of dietary starches, proteins and lipids. Similarly, oxalic acid and oxalates, which can exert renal toxicity at high concentrations, can induce antinutritional effects at lower concentrations by chelating with dietary calcium ( Colegate et al., 2015 ).…”

Section: Safety and Toxicity Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia Volubilis L.): recent insight on phytochemistry, pharmacology, organoleptic, safety and toxicity perspectives

Rodzi

Lee

2022

Heliyon

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Section: Safety and Toxicity Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Safety and Toxicity Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia Volubilis L.): recent insight on phytochemistry, pharmacology, organoleptic, safety and toxicity perspectives

Rodzi

Lee

2022

Heliyon

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“…Endotoxins may be normal metabolites that are present in cells but become harmful if consumed in higher concentrations, and these compounds are also refereed as antinutritional factors, while exotoxins are toxic metabolites that are released from cells. Based on chemical nature, these are dehydropyrrolizidine, alkaloids, ptaquiloside, corynetoxins, and phomopsins . Cyanogenic glycosides (CGLs) are present in almonds, cassava, bamboo roots, sorghum, and stone fruits.…”

Section: Recent Advancements In Food Toxin Detection Using Msmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These toxins are generated from proteinogenic amino acids like leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and valine as well as nonproteinogenic amino acids like cyclopentenylglycin. CGLs are potentially toxic for humans and result in acute cyanide intoxication, high respiration rate, lower blood pressure, headache, dizziness, stomach pains, diarrhea, vomiting, and mental confusion. , Furocoumarins are found in many plants including carrots, celery roots, citrus fruits, parsley, and citrus plants. These compounds are responsible for gastrointestinal ailments and phototoxicity, skin reactions under UV light. , Lectins are reported from beans like kidney beans and can result in stomachache, diarrhea, and vomiting …”

Section: Recent Advancements In Food Toxin Detection Using Msmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in the Detection of Food Toxins Using Mass Spectrometry

Ahuja,

Singh,

Paul

et al. 2023

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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Edibles are the only source of nutrients and energy for humans. However, ingredients of edibles have undergone many physicochemical changes during preparation and storage. Aging, hydrolysis, oxidation, and rancidity are some of the major changes that not only change the native flavor, texture, and taste of food but also destroy the nutritive value and jeopardize public health. The major reasons for the production of harmful metabolites, chemicals, and toxins are poor processing, inappropriate storage, and microbial spoilage, which are lethal to consumers. In addition, the emergence of new pollutants has intensified the need for advanced and rapid food analysis techniques to detect such toxins. The issue with the detection of toxins in food samples is the nonvolatile nature and absence of detectable chromophores; hence, normal conventional techniques need additional derivatization. Mass spectrometry (MS) offers high sensitivity, selectivity, and capability to handle complex mixtures, making it an ideal analytical technique for the identification and quantification of food toxins. Recent technological advancements, such as high-resolution MS and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), have significantly improved sensitivity, enabling the detection of food toxins at ultralow levels. Moreover, the emergence of ambient ionization techniques has facilitated rapid in situ analysis of samples with lower time and resources. Despite numerous advantages, the widespread adoption of MS in routine food safety monitoring faces certain challenges such as instrument cost, complexity, data analysis, and standardization of methods. Nevertheless, the continuous advancements in MS-technology and its integration with complementary techniques hold promising prospects for revolutionizing food safety monitoring. This review discusses the application of MS in detecting various food toxins including mycotoxins, marine biotoxins, and plant-derived toxins. It also explores the implementation of untargeted approaches, such as metabolomics and proteomics, for the discovery of novel and emerging food toxins, enhancing our understanding of potential hazards in the food supply chain.

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“…These assays are used to predict disease occurrence. However, no one method meets all the regulatory requirements [ 25 ]. All the above methods focus on the bacteria and none on the nematode, even though the nematode plays an important role in carrying the bacterium into the plant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolite Variation between Nematode and Bacterial Seed Galls in Comparison to Healthy Seeds of Ryegrass Using Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction (DI-SPME) Coupled with GC-MS

Koli

Agarwal

Kessell³

et al. 2023

Molecules

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Annual ryegrass toxicity (ARGT) is an often-fatal poisoning of livestock that consume annual ryegrass infected by the bacterium Rathayibacter toxicus. This bacterium is carried into the ryegrass by a nematode, Anguina funesta, and produces toxins within seed galls that develop during the flowering to seed maturity stages of the plant. The actual mechanism of biochemical transformation of healthy seeds to nematode and bacterial gall-infected seeds remains unclear and no clear-cut information is available on what type of volatile organic compounds accumulate in the respective galls. Therefore, to fill this research gap, the present study was designed to analyze the chemical differences among nematode galls (A. funesta), bacterial galls (R. toxicus) and healthy seeds of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) by using direct immersion solid-phase microextraction (DI-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The method was optimized and validated by testing its linearity, sensitivity, and reproducibility. Fifty-seven compounds were identified from all three sources (nematode galls, bacterial galls and healthy seed), and 48 compounds were found to be present at significantly different (p < 0.05) levels in the three groups. Five volatile organic compounds (hexanedioic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester), (carbonic acid, but-2-yn-1-yl eicosyl ester), (fumaric acid, 2-ethylhexyl tridec-2-yn-1-yl ester), (oct-3-enoylamide, N-methyl-N-undecyl) and hexacosanoic acid are the most frequent indicators of R. toxicus bacterial infection in ryegrass, whereas the presence of 15-methylnonacosane, 13-methylheptacosane, ethyl hexacosyl ether, heptacosyl acetate and heptacosyl trifluoroacetate indicates A. funesta nematode infestation. Metabolites occurring in both bacterial and nematode galls included batilol (stearyl monoglyceride) and 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)-, tetradecyl ester. Among the chemical functional group, esters, fatty acids, and alcohols together contributed more than 70% in healthy seed, whereas this contribution was 61% and 58% in nematode and bacterial galls, respectively. This study demonstrated that DI-SPME is a valid technique to study differentially expressed metabolites in infected and healthy ryegrass seed and may help provide better understanding of the biochemical interactions between plant and pathogen to aid in management of ARGT.

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Plant-Associated Natural Food Toxins

Cited by 5 publications

References 41 publications

Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia Volubilis L.): recent insight on phytochemistry, pharmacology, organoleptic, safety and toxicity perspectives

Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia Volubilis L.): recent insight on phytochemistry, pharmacology, organoleptic, safety and toxicity perspectives

Recent Advances in the Detection of Food Toxins Using Mass Spectrometry

Metabolite Variation between Nematode and Bacterial Seed Galls in Comparison to Healthy Seeds of Ryegrass Using Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction (DI-SPME) Coupled with GC-MS

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