Plant and fungal gene expression in mycorrhizal protocorms of the orchid<i>Serapias vomeracea</i>colonized by<i>Tulasnella calospora</i>

Balestrini, Raffaella; Nerva, Luca; Sillo, Fabiano; Perotto, Silvia

doi:10.4161/15592324.2014.977707

Cited by 24 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…We found several fungalysin genes induced during L. deliciosus symbiosis, and almost all of these proteases are evolutionarily conserved in multiple fungi including pathogens ( Figure 3 ). Interestingly, an expansion of fungalysin genes has been reported in several other symbiotic fungi, such as L. bicolor , the orchid mycorrhizal Tulasnella calospora and the endophytic Piriformospora indica , and some members were also up-regulated when interacting with plant hosts ( Zuccaro et al, 2011 , 2014 ; Balestrini et al, 2014 ). This conservation of sequence and regulation suggests that these secreted fungalysins could facilitate the root colonization via targeting and cleaving defense-related host proteins or enzymes in the symbiotic interface.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

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Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Differential Gene Expression of Secreted Proteases and Highly Specific Gene Repertoires Involved in Lactarius–Pinus Symbioses

Tang

Lebreton

et al. 2021

Front. Plant Sci.

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Ectomycorrhizal fungi establish a mutualistic symbiosis in roots of most woody plants. The molecular underpinning of ectomycorrhizal development was only explored in a few lineages. Here, we characterized the symbiotic transcriptomes of several milkcap species (Lactarius, Russulales) in association with different pine hosts. A time-course study of changes in gene expression during the development of L. deliciosus–Pinus taeda symbiosis identified 6 to 594 differentially expressed fungal genes at various developmental stages. Up- or down-regulated genes are involved in signaling pathways, nutrient transport, cell wall modifications, and plant defenses. A high number of genes coding for secreted proteases, especially sedolisins, were induced during root colonization. In contrast, only a few genes encoding mycorrhiza-induced small secreted proteins were identified. This feature was confirmed in several other Lactarius species in association with various pines. Further comparison among all these species revealed that each Lactarius species encodes a highly specific symbiotic gene repertoire, a feature possibly related to their host-specificity. This study provides insights on the genetic basis of symbiosis in an ectomycorrhizal order, the Russulales, which was not investigated so far.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…In ericoid mycorrhizal fungi, 6–21% of genes coding for secreted proteases are up-regulated during symbiosis ( Martino et al, 2018 ). Similarly, a few protease genes in orchid mycorrhizal fungi were also found to be regulated during symbiosis ( Balestrini et al, 2014 ; Valadares et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Differential Gene Expression of Secreted Proteases and Highly Specific Gene Repertoires Involved in Lactarius–Pinus Symbioses

Tang

Lebreton

et al. 2021

Front. Plant Sci.

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“…In studies on mycorrhizal colonization root tissue sections of a defined size were cut off laser-based. However, root samples are still mostly prepared as paraffin sections (Balestrini et al 2007(Balestrini et al , 2014Belmondo et al 2014;Berruti et al 2013;Campos-Soriano et al 2011;Corradi and Bonfante 2012;Fiorilli et al 2016;Giovannetti et al 2014), a very elaborate preparation method, or-just as cumbersome-after embedding fixed roots in Steedman's wax (Gomez and Harrison 2009;Huisman et al 2016). Only Gambetta et al…”

Section: Laser Microdissection Cell Harvestmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular identification of Nectriaceae in infections of apple replant disease affected roots collected by Harris Uni-Core punching or laser microdissection

et al. 2020

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Apple replant disease (ARD) negatively affects growth and yield of apple plants worldwide. Fungi belonging to the Nectriaceae have often been isolated from roots grown in replant soils and thus are proposed among others as one biotic cause of the disease complex. Microscopic analyses of ARD-affected roots revealed characteristic symptoms associated with fungal infection sites. Here, two extraction methods of such tissue sites were applied to directly identify an unknown fungus that forms typical cauliflower-like structures in diseased root cortex cells. Punching small tissue samples of about 0.5 mm3 volume with the Harris Uni-Core is a quick and easy method to harvest symptomatic material. Secondly, a laser microdissection (LMD) protocol for apple roots was established. This technique allows the extraction of defined cell or tissue fractions from thin cryo-sections. Tissue harvesting was followed by the identification of fungi via PCR amplification of two gene fragments and Sanger sequencing. For Harris samples, Chelex was used for DNA stabilization, while LMD samples were directly submitted to PCR. In Harris samples, mainly the Nectriaceae species Dactylonectria torresensis, Ilyonectria robusta and Rugonectria rugulosa were identified. In addition to these, in LMD samples Cylindrocladiella sp. and Ilyonectria europaea were detected. Thus, the intracellular CF structures contained different species of Nectriaceae in the ARD-affected cortex cells. These results contribute considerably to the etiology of the ARD. Both protocols offer the possibility to identify fungi from selected symptomatic small root sections by molecular tools avoiding isolation and subsequent axenic pure cultures of single fungal isolates.

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“…It has been suggested [9] that this unsuccessful mycorrhizal relationship may be due to the OM fungus switching from a biotrophic to a parasitic behavior. To assess whether the fungus had a role in the rotting protocorm phenotype, e.g., by increasing the production of PCW degrading enzymes, the transcriptional regulation of the fungal enzymatic abilities was verified, taking advantage of the information obtained in recent years on the mycorrhizal model system represented by S. vomeracea and T. calospora [25][26][27]36]. These previous papers were mainly focused on the symbiotic regulation of plant and fungal genes involved in N uptake and metabolism, but also led to the identification of genes specifically expressed in symbiotic protocorms (some of them only in pelotons containing cells) that can be considered symbiotic markers [25][26][27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Dark Side of Orchid Symbiosis: Can Tulasnella calospora Decompose Host Tissues?

Adamo

Chialva

Calevo

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Photosynthetic orchids associate with mycorrhizal fungi that can be mostly ascribed to the “rhizoctonia” species complex. Rhizoctonias’ phylogenetic diversity covers a variety of ecological/nutritional strategies that include, beside the symbiosis establishment with host plants, endophytic and pathogenic associations with non-orchid plants or saprotrophic soil colonization. In addition, orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) that establish a symbiotic relationship with an orchid host can later proliferate in browning and rotting orchid tissues. Environmental triggers and molecular mechanisms governing the switch leading to either a saprotrophic or a mycorrhizal behavior in OMF remain unclear. As the sequenced OMF genomes feature a wide range of genes putatively involved in the degradation of plant cell wall (PCW) components, we tested if these transitions may be correlated with a change in the expression of some PCW degrading enzymes. Regulation of several genes encoding PCW degrading enzymes was evaluated during saprotrophic growth of the OMF Tulasnella calospora on different substrates and under successful and unsuccessful mycorrhizal symbioses. Fungal gene expression in planta was investigated in two orchid species, the terrestrial Mediterranean Serapias vomeracea and the epiphytic tropical Cattleya purpurata. Although we only tested a subset of the CAZyme genes identified in the T. calospora genome, and we cannot exclude therefore a role for different CAZyme families or members inside a family, the results showed that the degradative potential of T. calospora is finely regulated during saprotrophic growth and in symbiosis, often with a different regulation in the two orchid species. These data pose novel questions about the role of fungal PCW degrading enzymes in the development of unsuccessful and successful interactions.

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Plant and fungal gene expression in mycorrhizal protocorms of the orchidSerapias vomeraceacolonized byTulasnella calospora

Cited by 24 publications

References 29 publications

Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Differential Gene Expression of Secreted Proteases and Highly Specific Gene Repertoires Involved in Lactarius–Pinus Symbioses

Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Differential Gene Expression of Secreted Proteases and Highly Specific Gene Repertoires Involved in Lactarius–Pinus Symbioses

Molecular identification of Nectriaceae in infections of apple replant disease affected roots collected by Harris Uni-Core punching or laser microdissection

The Dark Side of Orchid Symbiosis: Can Tulasnella calospora Decompose Host Tissues?

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